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Showing papers in "Rheologica Acta in 1969"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new Rheometer is beschrieben, with dem Zugversuche with konstanter Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit an einer Polyathylen-Schmelze ausgefuhrt werden.
Abstract: Es wird ein neues Rheometer beschrieben, mit dem Zugversuche mit konstanter Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit an einer Polyathylen-Schmelze ausgefuhrt werden. Als Klemmen finden in dem Gerat Zahnradpaare Verwendung, die mit konstanter Drehzahl laufen, wahrend ihr Abstand fixiert ist. Die horizontale Mesanordnung taucht in Silikonol, auf dem bei Mestemperatur (in den Mesbeispielen 150 °C) die strangformige Probe schwimmt. Mit dieser Anordnung ist es moglich, das Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm uber grose Gesamtdeformationen zu messen und auserdem die Gesamtdehnung in einen irreversiblen, viskosen und einen reversiblen, elastischen Anteil aufzuteilen. Mit weiteren Zusatzeinrichtungen konnen die Relaxation der Spannung und die Retardation der Dehnung an jeder Stelle des Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramms gemessen werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das bei niedrigen Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten die Zugspannung im Laufe der Verformung in einen Endwert einmundet, dem eine Zugviskositat entspricht. Bei hoheren Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten bildet sich dieser Endwert nicht aus, vielmehr nimmt das Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm einen Sformigen Verlauf, wie das von Gummi bekannt ist. Der elastische Dehnungsanteil steigt mit zunehmender Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit und mit zunehmender Gesamtdehnung an. Tragt man die auf die Dehnungsgeschwindigkeit $$\dot \varepsilon _0 = 1 \sec ^{ - 1} $$ bezogenen Zugspannungen uber die Deformationszeit auf, so erhalt man „Anlaufkurven“, die bei niedrigen $$\dot \varepsilon _0 $$ -Werten dem Dreifachen der Anlaufkurven fur die Scherstromung im linearen Beanspruchungsbereich entsprechen.

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe three complementary methods of measuring the rheological response of polymer melts under tension, including a specially designed rheometer that maintains constant stress throughout the deformation and gives well defined data, but is limited to high viscosity materials.
Abstract: This paper describes three complementary methods of measuring the rheological response of polymer melts under tension. A specially designed rheometer maintains constant stress throughout the deformation and gives well defined data, but is limited to high viscosity materials. The two other systems which have been studied are the deformation during the drawdown of an extrudate and that of convergent flow. A wide range of materials and degrees of deformation can be studied though the results are less precise. With empirical assumptions these systems yield data which are consistent with those obtained from the rheometer over a wide range of conditions.

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the viscoelastic properties of very small volumes of mucus, demonstrating heterogeneity and reducing these results to a form where it can be discussed in standard rheological terms.
Abstract: (1) The magnetic rheometer has been shown capable of measuring the viscoelastic properties of very small volumes of mucus, of demonstrating heterogeneity and of reducing these results to a form where it can be discussed in standard rheological terms. (2) The mucus tested appears to have a principal relaxation time in the order of 100 sec which would make it appear as a rubbery solid to the action of cilia. (3) The relaxation spectra of mucus infer the presence of intermolecular entanglement couplings with mucous secretions with distance between entanglement points being approximately twice as great for the specimen cervical mucus as for the specimen of bronchial lung mucus.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Hanswalter Giesekus1
TL;DR: In this article, Metzner et al. present an approach to evaluate the Inhomogenitat des Spannungsfeldes im Einstrombereich gedeutet.
Abstract: In Fortsetzung einer vorangegangenen Untersuchung uber nicht-lineare Effekte beim Stromen viskoelastischer Flussigkeiten durch Dusen werden drei verschiedene Phanomene behandelt: Zuerst wird gezeigt, das Luftblasen und Feststoffteilchen, die in solchen Flussigkeiten suspendiert sind in vielen Fallen nicht durch die Duse hindurchgehen. sondern seitlich auswandern und sich in den Zirkularstromungszonen anreichern. Dieser Effekt wird durch die Inhomogenitat des Spannungsfeldes im Einstrombereich gedeutet. Anschliesend wird die zuerst vonMetzner u. Mitarb. an Losungen sehr hochmolekularer Polymerer beim Einstromen beobachtete Trubung genauer analysiert und insbesondere gezeigt, das diese nicht vom Druck an der Auslaufseite abhangt. Hierdurch wird die Vermutung, das es sich um einen Entgasungseffekt infolge lokalen Unterdrucks handeln konnte, als unhaltbar erwiesen, und es wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, das die Ursache in einer reversiblen Aggregation der parallel gerichteten, gestreckten Molekulketten zu suchen ist. Endlich wird die Ausstromung aus Lochdusen in ein Flussigkeitsreservoir hinein untersucht. Im Widerspruch zu gewissen theoretischen Voraussagen beobachtet man hier keine Zirkulationszonen, sondern eine uberall auswarts gerichtete, von der Mitte zum Rand hin monoton abnehmende Stromung, die — abgesehen von einer Krummung der Stromlinien in unmittelbarer Nahe der Dusenoffnung — nur wenig von der schleichenden Stromung einerNewtonschen Flussigkeit abweicht. Bei hohen Durchsatzen tritt allerdings ein von den Instabilitatsphanomenen inNewtonschen Flussigkeiten wesentlich verschiedener Umschlag in eine ganz andere Stromungsform (‚'baumchenartige Stromung“) auf, die der bei Freistrahlen beobachteten ‚'Zwiebelablosung“ korrespondiert. Diese wird ebenfalls durch die vor der Duse gebildeten Aggregationen und deren endliche Zerfallszeit gedeutet. Es wird einsichtig gemacht, warum die Approximationstheorie, welche fur Einlaufstromungen durchaus vernunftige Voraussagen liefert, fur Auslaufstromungen versagen mus.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Steinkopff et al. presented numerical formulae for storage and loss compliance from the course of the creep compliance for linear viscoelastic materials.
Abstract: Numerical formulae are given for calculation of storage and loss compliance from the course of the creep compliance for linear viscoelastic materials. These formulae involve values of the creep compliance at times which are equally spaced on a logarithmic time scale. The ratio between succeeding times corresponds to a factor of two. A method is introduced by which bounds for the relative error of those formulae can be derived. These bounds depend on the value of the damping, tan δ. The calculation of the storage compliance is easier with the lower damping values. This calculation involves the value of the creep compliance at time t0=1/ω, and that of its derivative with respect to the logarithm of time in a rather narrow region around t0. In contrast the calculation of the loss compliance is more difficult with the lower damping values. This calculation involves the value of the derivative of the creep compliance with respect to the logarithm of time in a broad interval around t0. © 1969 Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that during measurements on suspensions of spheres in viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluids in a concentric cylinder apparatus particle redistribution and migration effects occur which are similar to those reported earlier in cone-plate viscometry.
Abstract: End corrections for concentric cylinder viscometers are shown to depend on the properties of the fluid tested and are often much larger for non-Newtonian than for Newtonian fluids. The cylinder ends may contribute to the total torque an amount equal to 36% (compared with 16% for a Newtonian fluid) of the torque on the cylindrical surfaces in the case of the Rheomat 15 (system MS-A). Similar results have been obtained with another instrument but the corrections appear to be quite small for a Ferranti Portable viscometer. We have shown that during measurements on suspensions of spheres in viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluids in a concentric cylinder apparatus particle redistribution and migration effects occur which are similar to those reported earlier in cone-plate viscometry. The particles form rings and also migrate from the gap. The effect is not found with Newtonian fluids or with non-Newtonian fluids which do not produce a normal force when tested in a rheogoniometer.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with slow processes of extension of an elasto-visoous cylinder under conditions where the theory of linear viscoelasticity is applicable.
Abstract: This paper deals with slow processes of extension of an elasto-visoous cylinder under conditions where the theory of linear viscoelasticity is applicable. Kinematic dependences are given and four nonstationary problems are solved concerning the extension of a cylinder when one of the following parameters is constant: strain rate, extension rate, stress, and tensile force.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
J. F. Hutton1
TL;DR: In this article, the fracture instability is a distinctly different effect from the secondary flow considered, and the critical normal stress differences for the onset of the instability can be correctly predicted for both types of apparatus.
Abstract: In the absence of disturbances at the free surfaces, secondary flow due to elastic forces occurs in elastic liquids sheared in cone-and-plate rheometers but not in parallel-plate rheometers. In both types of apparatus an instability is observed. Using a theory based on a fracture mechanism, the critical normal stress differences for the onset of the instability can be correctly predicted for both types of apparatus. It is concluded that the fracture instability is a distinctly different effect from the secondary flow considered.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Dehnviskositat an einer breiten Klasse von Flussigkeiten geeignete Spinnwaage wird im einzelnen beschrieben, und es werden die Moglichkeitens ihrer Anwendung diskutiert.
Abstract: Es werden Randwertprobleme des Ausstromens von newtonischen Flussigkeiten und Flussigkeiten zweiter Ordnung aus einem ebenen Spalt bzw. Kreisrohr behandelt. Die Stromlinien und Geschwindigkeits- sowie Spannungskomponenten sind insbesondere fur das Ubergangsgebiet berechnet worden und werden graphisch dargestellt. Daraus kann man die Lange des Umschichtungsgebiets vom Scherins Dehnfeld erkennen und eine Erklarung desBarus-Effektes folgern. Eine neu entwickelte, fur Messung der Dehnviskositat an einer breiten Klasse von Flussigkeiten geeignete Spinnwaage wird im einzelnen beschrieben, und es werden die Moglichkeiten ihrer Anwendung diskutiert. Weiterhin werden Messungen der Dehnviskositat an drei verschiedenen Flussigkeiten mitgeteilt und erortert. Daraus wird gefolgert, das die Zunahme der Dehnviskositat mit der Dehnspannung eine notwendige Voraussetzung fur die technischen Spinnprozesse ist. Einige Deutungsmoglichkeiten werden gegeben.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a rectangular slit apparatus suitable for the measurement of streaming birefringence in molten polymers at much higher shear stresses than are currently available is described.
Abstract: A description is given of a rectangular slit apparatus suitable for the measurement of streaming birefringence in molten polymers at much higher shear stresses than are currently available. Some results are given of measurements on a polystyrene and two polyethylenes up to and including the incipient point of melt fracture in circular capillaries. Measurements of the refractive index differences (n 11–n 33) were found in the lower shear stress region to lie close to (n 11–n 22) values measured with a coneand-plate apparatus

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The transfer function analyser J. M. 1600 and mechanical reference synchroniser J. X. 1606 have been used in conjunction with aWeissenberg rheogoniometer to study the rheological properties of a variety of pharmaceutical materials, including emulsions, creams and ointment bases.
Abstract: The rheological investigation of pharmaceutical materials such as pastes and creams has been limited to continuous shear experiments although it is known that complex rheological behaviour (visco-elasticity) is present and that analysis of hysteresis loops can only give a qualitative estimate of structure and rheological properties. Oscillatory testing has been avoided largely due to the lengthy measurements involved in calculation of amplitudes and phase angle and the difficulty in obtaining a “clean” wave form. Solartron Electronic Group Ltd. have recently introduced an apparatus that overcomes these objections: the transfer function analyser J. M. 1600 and mechanical reference synchroniser J. X. 1606. Electronic noise can be filtered out and the results are available almost instantaneously. This apparatus has been used in conjunction with aWeissenberg rheogoniometer to study the rheological properties of a variety of pharmaceutical materials, including emulsions, creams and ointment bases. The change in phase angle and amplitude has been studied over the frequency range 25 Hz to 7.9 × 10−3 Hz for parallel plate and concentric cylinder geometries. The systems examined have demonstrated a large range of rheological behaviour ranging from essentially linear Newtonian liquid to very non linear plastic solid. It is concluded that the Solartron apparatus will provide a rapid and accurate method for the rheological analysis of complex pharmaceutical materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus for the measurement of the dynamic viscosity is described, where forced vibrations are executed in the frequency region from 2·10−4 to 50 cycles/sec.
Abstract: An apparatus for the measurement of the dynamic viscosity is described. In a coaxial cylinder geometry forced vibrations are executed in the frequency region from 2·10−4 to 50 cycles/sec. Fluids with a wide range of viscosities (10−1 to 107 poise) can be measured. A number of experimental results obtained on dilute solutions and melts of polymers are given and compared with results of the molecular theories.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a short review is given of a recent theory for converting into each other dynamic and transient properties of linear viscoelastic materials, illustrated for a polymer in the glass-rubber transition range.
Abstract: A short review is given of a recent theory for converting into each other dynamic and transient properties of linear viscoelastic materials. The applicability is illustrated for a polymer in the glass-rubber transition range.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for joint stiffness measurement at the knee and the second metacarpophalangeal joints is described. But this method requires the joint stiffness to be measured objectively, qualitatively and quantitatively.
Abstract: Joint stiffness has been defined in precise physical terms. Methods are described whereby joint stiffness may be measured objectively, qualitatively and quantitatively. Apparatus is described to permit measurements to be made at the knee and the second metacarpophalangeal joints.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an Polymethylmethacrylaten with zahlenmittleren Molekulargewichten zwischen 8000 and 145000 g/Mol wurde die Scherviskositatη bei Temperaturen im Bereich von 130-190 °C and bei Drucken bis zu 1000 kp/cm2 in Abhangigkeit vom Schergefalle\(\dot \gamma \) gemessen.
Abstract: An Polymethylmethacrylaten mit zahlenmittleren Molekulargewichten zwischen 8000 und 145000 g/Mol wurde die Scherviskositatη bei Temperaturen im Bereich von 130–190 °C und bei Drucken bis zu 1000 kp/cm2 in Abhangigkeit vom Schergefalle\(\dot \gamma \) gemessen. Tragt man die an ein und derselben Probe gemessenen relativen Viskositatenη/η0 (η0 untere Newtonsche Viskositat) uberη0·\(\dot \gamma \) doppeltlogarithmisch auf, so erhalt man eine einzige temperatur- und druckinvariante Kurve („master curve“). Mit sinkendem Molekulargewicht machen sich jedoch bei grosen Abszissenwerten zunehmend Abweichungen von der Temperatur- und Druckinvarianz bemerkbar. Die an Proben mit verschiedenem Molekulargewicht ermittelten invarianten Kurven weisen Wendepunkte auf, die sich mit wachsendem Molekulargewicht immer mehr zu niedrigeren Werten vonη/η0 verlagern. Durch Verschieben in Abszissenrichtung kann man die Kurven bis zu ihren Wendepunkten miteinander zur Deckung bringen und erhalt auf diese Weise einen begrenzten Bereich der Molekulargewichtsinvarianz.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the normal stress-shear rate behavior of a viscoelastic liquid was obtained from observations of the thrust of a jet of the liquid issuing from a capillary tube (or slot).
Abstract: Apparatus is described which enables the normal stress-shear rate behaviour of a viscoelastic liquid to be obtained from observations of the thrust of a jet of the liquid issuing from a capillary tube (or slot). Two types of apparatus are mentioned. In one type the jet thrust is obtained from the impact force on a boat which the jet strikes and in the other the reaction force on the jet nozzle is measured.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the stress relaxation of the polycarbonate of bisphenol-A was systematically studied as a function of the degree of crystallinity (from zero to 18%).
Abstract: RésuméOn a étudié par la méthode de la relaxation de la contrainte la variation du comportement viscoélastique du polycarbonate de bisphénol-A de cristallinité variable entre zéro et 18%. On a pu appliquer le principe d'équivalence des effets du temps et de la température et construire pour chaque taux de cristallinité une courbe pilote.La cristallisation entraîne une modification progressive de la forme de la courbe pilote. La région de transition vitreuse s'élargit à mesure que le taux de cristallinité s'élève. A partir d'un taux de cristallinité de 9% la région d'écoulement est totalement supprimée. On constate aussi que les valeurs expérimentales du facteur de temps obéissent à l'équation de W.L.F. et que la température caractéristiqueTi s'élève légèrement avec le taux de cristallinité.SummaryThe stress relaxation of the polycarbonate of bisphenol-A was systematically studied as a function of the degree of crystallinity (from zero to 18%). The time-temperature equivalence principle was found applicable and for each degree of crystallinity a separate master curve could be constructed. The amount of crystalline material modifies gradually the shape of the master curve. The glass transition region is broadened and the flow region eliminated above 9% crystallinity. The experimental values of the shift factor fit a unic W.L.F. equation. The characteristic reference temperatureTi rises progressively with the degree of crystallinity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The diameters of axially symmetric streams of two Newtonian liquids of different viscosities falling vertically under gravity have been measured as a function of the distance from the nozzle as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The diameters of the axially symmetric streams of two Newtonian liquids of different viscosities falling vertically under gravity have been measured as a function of the distance from the nozzle. The measurements have been compared with two theories, (I, II) based on different approximations. Theory I leads to a second-order ordinary differential equation and theory II gives an asymptotic solution of theNavier-Stokes equations. It was found that the first approach was sufficient to explain the measurements in the high viscosity liquid (30,000 cS) but the asymptotic solution was needed to explain the low viscosity (1,000 cS) measurements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the rheological behavior of pigment dispersions in a viscoelastic liquid has been investigated by dynamic measurements in the kHz range and the results are compared with stationary viscosities.
Abstract: The rheological behaviour of pigment dispersions in a viscoelastic liquid have been investigated by dynamic measurements in the kHz range. The results are compared with stationary viscosities. On this basis the general shape of the viscosity spectrum for pigment dispersions is discussed. The results have further been applied to a particular flow problem: passage between rotating rollers. The drag force or “tack” has been measured as a function of speed. Some theoretical approaches are discussed. As a first approximation, it is proposed that a non-Newtonian non-elastic liquid must be assumed. The power law model has been used as an exemple.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the makroskopische Bruchverhalten of a thermoplastischen material is analyzed in terms of dehnungs-and Bruchvorgang bis zum Bruch.
Abstract: Es wird versucht, den Deformationsvorgang bis zum Bruch an einem unvernetzten thermoplastischen Material zu analysieren. Dabei zeigt es sich, das das makroskopische Bruchverhalten des Materials durch die beiden konkurrierenden Vorgange des mikroskopischen Fehlstellenwachstums und der aufgezwungenen makroskopischen Deformation bestimmt wird. Da das Fehlstellenwachstum wiederum von der molekularen Reaktion des Materials auf die Deformation abhangt, ergeben sich enge Zusammenhange zwischen dem Dehnungs- und Bruchverhalten und den molekularen Relaxationsprozessen. Diese Zusammenhange werden an einem Weichmacherfreien PVC erstens mit Hilfe von Zugversuchen in einem weiten Geschwindigkeits- und Temperaturbereich und zweitens mit einer indirekten Methode zur Verfolgung des Fehlstellenwachstums untersucht. Wenn mit niedrigeren Geschwindigkeiten die zur Verfugung stehende Zeit und bzw. oder die Versuchstemperatur zunehmen, steigt die mittlere Dehnbarkeit erstmalig an, wenn die Neben-Relaxationsmechanismen die Streckspannung abbauen konnen, und erreicht sehr hohe Werte, wenn die Hauptrelaxationsmechanismen die lokalen Spannungen an den Fehlstellen herabsetzen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, anlaufvorgang in einem Rotationsviskosimeter wird eingehend untersucht, der Differentialgleichung wird unter Einschlus der Tragheit des Messystems fur die rein viskose and die elastoviskoseMaxwell-Flussigkeit aufgestellt and die numerischen Berechnungen with der Viskositat and dem Schermodul als Parameter als Kurvenscharen dargestellt.
Abstract: Der Anlaufvorgang in einem Rotationsviskosimeter wird eingehend untersucht. Die Differentialgleichung wird unter Einschlus der Tragheit des Messystems fur die rein viskose und die elastoviskoseMaxwell-Flussigkeit aufgestellt und die numerischen Berechnungen mit der Viskositat und dem Schermodul als Parameter als Kurvenscharen dargestellt. Vergleich mit Messungen zeigt, das die Ubereinstimmung im ersten Teil, solange noch keine starken strukturviskosen Effekte infolge Verhangungszerstorung auftreten, ausgezeichnet ist. Spater treten Abweichungen auf, da dasMaxwell-Modell die variable Viskositat nicht wiedergeben kann.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, ausammenfassend kann man sagen, das die Untersuchung einen engen Zusammelfassend zwischen der Struktur der Mesophasen and deren Theologischen Eigenschaften aufgezeigt hat.
Abstract: Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, das die Untersuchung einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen der Struktur der Mesophasen und deren Theologischen Eigenschaften aufgezeigt hat. Zum ersten scheinen die letzteren eine Funktion der Geometrie der Mesophasen, zum zweiten eine solche des Oberflachencharakters der Aggregate, welche die Phase aufbauen, und zum dritten eine solche der Bindung des Wassers bzw. des Vorkommens ungebundenen Wassers in der Mesophase zu sein.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The previously developed flow equation has been shown to apply to particulate systems containing up to 5 different sizes of particles as mentioned in this paper, where the errors are due to the segregation of particles and the operation of interparticulate forces between fine particles.
Abstract: The previously developed flow equation $$\begin{gathered} D_0 = \left( {3.24 + 1.50D_p - 0.57f} \right) \hfill \\ \times \left( {\frac{{4 W}}{{60 \pi \varrho \sqrt g }}} \right)^{\left( {\tfrac{1}{{4.23 + 0.58\log D_p - 0.22f}}} \right)cms} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ has been shown to apply to particulate systems containing up to 5 different sizes of particles. Errors are due to the segregation of particles and the operation of interparticulate forces between fine particles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of measurement based on correlation techniques, which when used in conjunction with aWeissenberg Rheogoniometer, provides direct digital readout of the specimen characteristics.
Abstract: In recent years, a growing interest has been shown in oscillatory shear testing when applied to Rheology. This paper describes a method of measurement based on correlation techniques, which when used in conjunction with aWeissenberg Rheogoniometer, provides direct digital readout of the specimen characteristics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated human joints from an engineerring aspect and reported their remarkable lubricating qualities from an engineering perspective. But their work focused on the human joints' joints.
Abstract: Human joints have been studied for many years, and this paper reports work carried out to investigate their remarkable lubricating qualities from an engineerring aspect.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple integral model is proposed which predicts the viscosity and the first normal stress difference coefficient in conditions of steady simple shearing flow, and the model also predicts the time dependent viscosities during the buildup of the shear stress after suddenly imposed constant shear rate.
Abstract: A simple integral model is proposed which predicts the viscosity and the first normal stress difference coefficient in conditions of steady simple shearing flow. The model also predicts the time dependent viscosity during the buildup of the shear stress after suddenlyimposed constant shear rate. The experiments performed with aWeissenberg Rheogoniometer on a PIB-Dekahydronaphthalin solution support the integral model in a considerable range of the shear rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that even small values of the crystallinity degree can affect rather strongly the rheological behaviour of plasticized PVC in the rubbery and flow regions.
Abstract: From an overall analysis of the above results it appears that the rheological properties of plasticized PVC are governed, below about 200 °C, not only by the usual parameters (composition, temperature, molecular weight) but also by the crystallinity of the polymer. Recent estimations of the crystallinity degree in commercial PVC samples vary from 3% (45) to about 10% (46), the actual value depending on the thermal history of the sample. Apparently even small values of the crystallinity degree can affect rather strongly the rheological behaviour of plasticized PVC in the rubbery and flow regions. For the fractions here investigated, the fractional precipitation procedure used to carry out the separation (1) leads probably to a fractionation based not only on molecular weight but also on stereoregularity (47), the result being that the fractions precipitated firstly are more polydisperse and more crystallizable. In dilute solution, they give easily aggregates (1), stable up to relatively high temperatures (2). The dynamic-mechanical data discussed above (fig. 1) as well as the anomalies presented by the rheological results (fig. 7 to 12) can be therefore explained on the basis of a model in which supermolecular structures linked together by crystalline bonds are present in the samples. The marked dependence of PVC mechanical properties on the annealing temperature described recently byAndrews andKazama (48) seems to give considerable support to such a model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that polystyrene extrudates can be interpreted in terms of a distribution of temperature-dependent relaxation times and the residence time in the capillary.
Abstract: Polymeric extrudates have diameters generally greater than the diameter of the capillary employed. Experiments with polystyrene have shown that this swelling can be described partially as a viscoelastic memory that decays within the capillary. This process be interpreted in terms of a distribution of temperature-dependent relaxation times and the residence time in the capillary.