Showing papers in "Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases in 2002"

TL;DR: During the past 2 decades, selective and specific inhibitors of HSV replication have been developed and all accelerate the events of healing and decrease the probability of excreting the virus when they are taken in a suppressive fashion.

TL;DR: New antiviral drugs have been developed that inhibit enterovirus replication, and early clinical trials of these compounds suggest that effective therapy forEnterovirus infections is now possible.

TL;DR: Persistent C pneumoniae infection appears to be associated with continued expression of genes associated with DNA replication but not with those genes involved with bacterial cell division, which may explain the appearance of the large abnormal RBs seen in ultrastructural studies.

TL;DR: New findings are described that demonstrate that various cytokines that define Th1 vs Th2 helper cell activity also are important in regulating resistance versus susceptibility to this ubiquitous microorganism.

TL;DR: Influenza encephalopathy reported in Japan is distinct from Reye syndrome, and one-fourth of patients exhibit bilateral thalamic necrosis on neuroimaging, and similar encephalopathic symptoms probably occur in North America and European countries.

TL;DR: The clinical impact of acyclovir therapy is related directly to its use early in the clinical course and to the likely susceptibility of the patient to severe or life-threatening VZV infection.

TL;DR: Infants, young children, and children with underlying conditions have the highest rates of outpatient medical visits and hospitalizations for acute respiratory disease during influenza epidemics and immunization of all children has a positive impact on the occurrence of influenza infection and its complications.

TL;DR: Four antiviral drugs are currently licensed in the United States for the treatment and/or prevention of influenza virus infection in children and all result in clinical improvement approximately 1 to 2 days earlier in otherwise healthy children when therapy is initiated within 48 hours of onset of symptoms.

TL;DR: Careful studies have demonstrated that many hypothesized causal associations between vaccines and adverse events were not substantiated, and false assumptions regarding causality are likely to occur for illnesses without a carefully defined etiology or pathogenesis.

TL;DR: The rationale for development of a CMV vaccine has been strengthened further by studies in experimental animals demonstrating the ability of immunization with subunit vaccines to prevent disease and transplacental transmission of virus.

TL;DR: In the United States, the hepatitis A virus (HAV) is excreted in high concentrations in the stool, the principal mode of transmission is person-to-person by the fecal-oral route, most commonly among household and sexual contacts of people with HAV infection as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: Ganciclovir is the first-line compound used, followed by foscarnet and cidofovir, and therapeutic options for each are outlined.

TL;DR: A wider use of the most reliable technique, micro-immunofluorescence, in cases of blood culture-negative endocarditis, atypical pneumonia, unexplained fever, and hepatitis should lead to an increase of diagnosed cases.

TL;DR: In 1970, vaccination of the schoolchildren of the town of Tecumseh, MI, against influenza was shown to protect not only the children, but all of its citizens from influenza-derived illness as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: The authors review the current literature and propose an updated management algorithm that incorporates accepted practices as well as emerging trends in diagnosis and management of empyema.

TL;DR: Although the etiology and pathogenesis of vaccine-associated intussusception remain unclear, immunologic studies suggest several hypotheses, development of new rotavirus vaccines necessitates the need for large, prelicensure, clinical trials to determine safety.

TL;DR: Current controversies in pediatric isolation and infection control include correct application of standard precautions, importance of providing adequate staffing levels in intensive care units to prevent transmission of infectious agents, and use of rapid diagnostic testing and best precautions.

TL;DR: Pending information on safety and coadministration of this vaccine with other childhood vaccines will determine if it is licensed and recommended for use in children, including possible expanded indications for routine yearly administration to young children.

TL;DR: A significant decrease in each vaccine-preventable disease has occurred since the introduction of the respective immunizations now included in the recommended childhood immunization schedule.

TL;DR: New meningococcal conjugate vaccines are likely to have a dramatic effect on the burden of meningitis disease within the next decade, with resulting efficacy in infants.

TL;DR: Persistent infection in mice and in vitro systems of microaerophilic and/or anaerobic growth and nutrient starvation have been the most productive models in yielding insights into the host and mycobacterial pathways involved in the latent state.

TL;DR: A single heptavalent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine is licensed for use in the United States and is recommended for routine administration to all children, beginning at 2 months of age, and for children between 24 and 59 month of age who are at high risk of acquiring invasive disease.

TL;DR: An overview of Pasteur's life and the debate regarding his scientific discoveries and honesty that has ensued for more than 100 years is provided, with insights gained from both supporters and critics of the new biography by Gerald L. Geison.

TL;DR: Differences in the geographic distribution of their tick vectors account for the concentration of HME in the South and southeastern United States and HGE in the Northeast and northern Midwest.

TL;DR: A brief summary of Nobel laureate Robert Koch's exploration into bacteriology and, especially, his experience with tuberculosis and the controversies that developed in the latter part of his life, as well as his childhood and early adult years and the development of his now well-known "postulates."

TL;DR: CAIV-T is safe in healthy children and should complement the use of inactivated influenza vaccine, trivalent (I IV-T) in children with underlying chronic conditions.

TL;DR: Although the frequencies of significant responses to immunization are lower among persons who were immunized previously when compared with persons immunized for the first time, no consistent increases or decreases in serum antibody levels achieved after immunization or in the level of protective efficacy have been noted.

TL;DR: Conclusions are made that considerations about cost effectiveness are important in deciding whether to use these agents in the treatment of suspected or proven influenza infections in healthy children.

TL;DR: The rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza virus infection now is available to clinicians practicing in both outpatient and inpatient settings, and newly licensed reagents are reliable and "user friendly" and may impact care by providing an immediate diagnosis that allows appropriate antiviral therapy to be given and encourages judicious use of antibiotics.

TL;DR: The investigational live-attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent nasal spray influenza vaccine needs evaluation for safety and efficacy in children with asthma and an annual, well-organized, computerized multicomponent strategy should be implemented for optimizing influenza immunization in the high-risk population.