Showing papers in "Separation and Purification Reviews in 2009"

Extraction of Bio-oils from Microalgae

Abstract: A wide variety of terrestrial biomass feed stocks have been identified as suitable candidates for fractionation and conversion into biofuels. In particular, microalgae have been promoted as a future source of transportation fuels primarily because of their stated potential to produce up to 10 times more oil per acre than traditional biofuel crops. Their ability to grow relatively fast, be harvested on a daily basis, and grown in earthen ponds or closed photobioreactors that occupy marginal or poor crop lands using salt or brackish water, are often referenced. When these attractive traits are coupled with the potential to concomitantly harvest valuable co‐products such as biopolymers, proteins, and animal feeds, one can see why microalgae are often touted as biotechnology's “green gold”. The development of large‐scale microalgae farms, however, has been slowed by limitations in downstream processing technology. For example, traditional methods to dewater, extract, and recover bio‐oil from oil‐seeds possess...

Effects of Minor Components in Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Polymeric Gas Separation Membranes

Abstract: The capture of carbon dioxide by membrane gas separation has been identified as one potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, the application of membranes to CO2 capture from both pre‐ and post‐combustion strategies is of interest. For membrane technology to become commercially viable in CO2 capture, a number of factors need to be overcome, one being the role of minor components in the process on membrane performance. This review considers the effects of minor components in both pre‐ and post‐combustion use of polymeric membranes for CO2 capture. In particular, gases such as SOx, NOx, CO, H2S, NH3, as well as condensable water and hydrocarbons are reviewed in terms of their permeability through polymeric membranes relative to CO2, as well as their plasticization and aging effects on membrane separation performance. A major conclusion of the review is that while many minor components can affect performance both through competitive sorption and plasticization, much rema...

Polysaccharides Chiral Stationary Phases in Liquid Chromatography

Abstract: Chiral resolution has achieved an independent identity in the separation sciences and polysaccharide CSPs are viewed as effective and efficient CSPs due to their many unique advantages. The present review article highlights the separations of chiral pharmaceuticals and drugs by liquid chromatographic modalities (high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electro‐chromatography, sub‐ and super critical fluid chromatography and thin layer chromatography) utilizing polysaccharide CSPs. Enantiomeric resolution at analytical and preparative scales and a comparison of coated and immobilized CSPs is discussed. The optimization strategies for enantiomeric separation have also been presented. The possible mechanisms of chiral resolution of racemates were also included. The commercial CSPs of all the Companies i.e., Daicel, Kromasil, Macherey Nagel, Knauer and Sepaserve have been compared and discussed. Finally, the role of these CSPs in chiral drugs development programs has also been identified.

New Insights and Recent Developments in Micellar Liquid Chromatography

Abstract: Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is an efficient alternative to conventional reversed–phase liquid chromatography with hydro‐organic mobile phases. Almost three decades of experience have resulted in an increasing production of analytical applications. Current concern about the environment also reveals MLC as an interesting technique for “green” chemistry because it uses mobile phases containing 90% or more water. These micellar mobile phases have a low toxicity and are not producing hazardous wastes. After a rapid overview of the two first decades of the technique, this review focuses on the recent advances on fundamental aspects and analytical applications. Traditional and new surfactants, search of new organic solvents as mobile phase modifiers, and the use of new columns are addressed. Surfactant‐bonded phase association, combination of diverse surfactant effects, interaction between organic solvents and micelles, and resolution performance are also considered. A special attention has be...

Vegetable Oil Deodorizer Distillate: Characterization, Utilization and Analysis

Abstract: Depending on the sources, deodorizer distillates usually have significantly different characteristics, uses, and value. Soybean oil deodorizer distillate has been suggested as an alternative to marine animals as natural source of squalene and as a good raw material for the production of fatty acid steryl esters, tocopherols, free phytosterols and fatty acids. The aim of this review paper is to discuss the characteristics, uses, and value of vegetable oil deodorizer distillate (VODD), isolation and separation techniques of bioactive compounds from VODD, and analysis of VODD, as well as their future perspectives. The development of new separation techniques for isolating bioactive compounds and methods of analysis are highlighted and discussed.

Microchip‐Based Capillary Electrophoresis for DNA Analysis in Modern Biotechnology: A Review

Abstract: Microchip‐based capillary electrophoresis (ME) raises fascinating possibilities for new analytical technologies particularly in the detection of DNA fragments in modern biology. The ME technique has gained considerable popularity with significant progress being made in the development of miniaturized microfluidic devices in micro‐volume analysis methods. The ME offers the potential for highly efficient, simultaneous analysis of a large number of biologically important molecules in genomic, proteomic and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food stuffs. Recently, the ME technique has greatly impacted biotechnological research with potential applications in smart devices that can operate at the level of molecular manipulation. This review is focused on recent developments and applications of ME to the detection and separation of DNA fragments in various molecules i.e., biotechnological and clinical research. Present address for Suresh Kumar Kailasa is Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat‐Sen Univer...

Coal‐Gold Agglomeration: An Alternative Separation Process in Gold Recovery

Abstract: Considering the increasing environmental concerns and the potential for small gold deposits to be exploited in the future, the uses of environmentally friendly processes are essential. Recent developments point to the potential for greatly increased plant performance through a separation process that combines the cyanide and flotation processes. In addition, this kind of alternative treatment processes to the traditional gold recovery processes may reduce the environmental risks of present small‐scale gold mining. Gold recovery processes that applied to different types of gold bearing ore deposits show that the type of deposits plays an important role for the selection of mineral processing technologies in the production of gold and other precious metals. In the last 25 years, different alternative processes have been investigated on gold deposits located in areas where environmental issues are a great concern. In 1988, gold particles were first recovered by successful pilot trial of coal‐gold agglomerati...

So What? or Required Content of a Review Article

Abstract: As the editor of a journal publishing only review articles in the field of separation methods, a division of analytical chemistry, the need to delineate what a review article is arose in light of the increasing number of inadequate submissions received.

A Birds‐Eye View of Modern Proteomics

Abstract: A broad general overview is provided on modern aspects of separation and detection in mass spectrometry‐based proteomics research. This review is most suitable for undergraduate students and/or novices in the field.