Showing papers in "Social Forces in 1995"
TL;DR: Gereffi et al. as discussed by the authors studied the historical and spatial patterns of Commodity Chains in the world-system prior to 1800 and concluded that the global distribution of commodity chains is a global distribution.
Abstract: Introduction: Global Commodity Chains by Gary Gereffi, Roberto P Korzeniewicz, and Miguel Korzeniewicz Historical and Spatial Patterns of Commodity Chains in the World-System: Commodity Chains in the Capitalist World-Economy Prior to 1800 Commodity Chains: Construction and Research by Terence K Hopkins and Immanuel Wallerstein The Shipbuilding Commodity Chain, 1590-1790 by Eyup Ozveren The Grain Flour Commodity Chain, 1590-1790 by Sheila Pelizzon Conclusions About Commodity Chains by Terence K Hopkins and Immanuel Wallerstein Competition, Time and Space in Industrial History by Erica Schoenberger The Global Distribution of Commodity Chains by Roberto P Korzeniewicz and William Martin The Organization of Commodity Chains: The Organization of Buyer-Driven Global Commodity Chains: How US Retailers Shape Overseas Production Networks by Gary Gereffi Where Is the Chain in Commodity Chains? The Service Sector Nexus by Eileen Rabach and Eun Mee Kim Institutionalizing Flexibility: A Comparative Analysis of Fordist and Post-Fordist Models of Third World Agro-Export Production by Laura T Reynolds The Geography of Commodity Chains: The New Spatial Division of Labor and Commodity Chains in the Greater South China Economic Region by Xiangming Chen Commodity Chains and Industrial Restructuring in the Pacific Rim: Garment Trade and Manufacturing by Richard Appelbaum, David Smith, and Brad Christerson Strategic Reorientations of US Apparel Firms by Ian M Taplin Automobile Commodity Chains in the NICS: A Comparison of South Korea, Mexico and Brazil by Naeyoung Lee and Jeffrey Cason Consumption and Commodity Chains: Commodity Chains and Marketing Strategies: Nike and the Global Athletic Footwear Industry by Miguel Korzeniewicz Fresh Demand: The Consumption of Chilean Produce in the United States by Walter L Goldfrank Commodity Chains and the Korean Automobile Industry by Hyung Kook Kim and Su-Hoon Lee Cocaine, Commodity Chains, and Drug Politics: A Transnational Approach by Suzanne Wilson and Marta Zambrano Bibliography Index
1,830 citations
1,457 citations
Abstract: A slogan is born the two neighbours Islam the Marxist failure the successful Umma a contrast between the Abrahamic faiths civil society completes the circle Adam Ferguson east is east and west is west political decentralization and economic decentralization ideological pluralism and liberal doublethink, or the end of the enlightenment illusion modular man modular man is nationalist friend or foe? the time zones of Europe the varieties of nationalist experience easternmost zone resumed a note on atomization the end of a moral order from the interstices of a command-admin system the definition of socialism a new positive definition towards a desirable unholy alliance democracy or civil society historical overview future prospects internal problems the range of options validation?
786 citations
TL;DR: A certain nombre d'enquetes montrent que les enfants qui ont grandi dans un univers familial ou les parents sont sans cesse en conflit manifestent une plus grande insatisfaction en matiere conjugale as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Un certain nombre d'enquetes montrent que les enfants qui ont grandi dans un univers familial ou les parents sont sans cesse en conflit manifestent une plus grande insatisfaction en matiere conjugale. Les AA. s'efforcent d'evaluer comment la situation familiale peut affecter les comportements maritaux des enfants devenus adultes. Ils presentent, dans ce but, les resultats d'une etude menee entre 1980 et 1992. Ils examinent plus particulierement l'influence que l'intensite des conflits parentaux exerce en ce domaine et cela qu'ils debouchent ou non sur un divorce
467 citations
TL;DR: Les AA. as mentioned in this paper present a nouvelle perspective, developpee en sociologie des religions, who etudie les phenomenes daffiliation a des communautes religieuses.
Abstract: Les AA. presentent une nouvelle perspective, developpee en sociologie des religions, qui etudie les phenomenes d'affiliation a des communautes religieuses. Celle-ci met en avant la theorie du choix rationnel. Ce paradigme tend a considerer la religion comme un marche ou les individus choisissent parmi les organisations et les individus en competition. L'affiliation religieuse est ainsi envisagee comme une forme de consommation culturelle, guidee par des preferences. Dans ce cadre les facteurs socio-economiques, les variables comme la famille ou le type d'organisation apparaissent comme centrales dans une theorie de la mobilite religieuse. Les AA. etudient comment les choix religieux sont soumis a des jeux de contraintes
404 citations
TL;DR: A partir de l'exemple du theoreme de Thomas as discussed by the authors, l'A. I. Thomas aborde plusieurs problemes importants de la sociologie de la science, en particulier le phenomene de la citation partielle.
Abstract: A partir de l'exemple du theoreme de Thomas ( « si les hommes definissent des situations comme reelles, elles sont reelles dans leurs consequences » ), et de son utilisation dans les sciences sociales, l'A. aborde plusieurs problemes importants de la sociologie de la science, en particulier le « phenomene de la citation partielle » . Quelles normes et quels usages existent en matiere de citation ? Le fait que seul W. I. Thomas soit generalement cite, et non Dorothy Swaine Thomas, releve-t-il d'un comportement sexiste ? Peut-on egalement parler d'un « effet Matthew » (qui se traduit par un renforcement de la notoriete des universitaires les plus renommes) ? L'A. repond a ces questions en produisant notamment des documents d'une serie d'echanges epistolaires
391 citations
TL;DR: This article found that the choice between cohabitation and marriage is affected by attitudes and values toward work, family, use of leisure time, money, and sex roles, as well as values and attitudes toward marriage itself.
Abstract: This article argues that marriage and cohabitation are associated with important differences in work patterns, earnings, treatment of money, use of leisure time, social relations with the extended family, the division of household labor, and fertility. We hypothesize that these differences lead those considering the formation of a household to consider their attitudes toward these aspects of life, which appear to be so different in marriage from those in cohabitation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972, we test and find support for the hypothesis that the choice between cohabitation and marriage is affected by attitudes and values toward work, family, use of leisure time, money, and sex roles, as well as values and attitudes toward marriage itself Cohabitation is now an important form of union formation in the U.S. Recent estimates suggest that about 35% of those born in the early 1960s will live with someone of the opposite sex before age 25 compared to less than 8% of those born in the early 1940s (Bumpass & Sweet 1989). Although cohabitation is now unexceptional, key questions remain about why some who form households establish cohabitational unions while others marry. This article argues that the choice between marriage and cohabitation impinges on a wide range of activities, circumstances, and social relations. These most obviously include procreation and relations between cohabitants or spouses, but we argue that they also comprise relations with extended family, leisure pursuits, employment, division of economic resources, and division of household labor. Cohabiting may allow individuals or couples who feel unready for the demands of marriage to delay the assumption of marital roles but to acquire the benefits
385 citations
351 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored contemporary regional variations in Afican American religious life and found that the rural southern Black church retains its traditional "semi-involuntary" character, and discussed the broader theoretical implications of this issue for future research in the sociology of religion.
Abstract: This study explores contemporary regional variations in Afican American religious life. Building on a rich tradition of historical and ethnographic research on the Black church, we contrast the religious environments that have traditionally prevailed in the Black communities of the rural South and urban non-South. We emphasize regional variations in (1) the social role of religious institutions, (2) the availability of alternative lifestyles and secular opportunities for status and resources, and (3) the social norms and community expectations regarding church involvement. A series of hypotheses regarding patterns and correlates of church participation are then tested, using data from the National Survey of Black Americans. Findings indicate that historical regional variations in African American religious life persist in the contemporary period. Moreover, our results suggest that the rural southern Black church retains its traditional "semiinvoluntary" character, and we discuss the broader theoretical implications of this issue forfuture research in the sociology of religion. Throughout American history, the Black church has occupied a distinctive position in the individual and collective lives of African Americans. Research over the years has consistently reported that Blacks attend church more frequently, participate in other church-related affairs more often, and belong to more church-affiliated organizations than their white counterparts (Glenn 1964; Jacobson, Heaton & Dennis 1990; Roof & McKinney 1987). Studies indicate that
306 citations
TL;DR: The Generality of Deviance as mentioned in this paper argues that all forms of deviant, criminal, reckless, and sinful behavior have one thing in common: the tendency to pursue immediate benefits without concern for long-term costs.
Abstract: The Generality of Deviance advances the idea that all forms of deviant, criminal, reckless, and sinful behavior have one thing in common: the tendency to pursue immediate benefits without concern for long-term costs. The editors argue, and the contributors confirm, that such disparate behaviors as smoking, auto accidents, burglary, and rape are similar in that they all involve disregard for their inevitable consequences: poor health, injury, loss of freedom, shame, or disrepute. The chapters here show how various forms of deviance relate to one another and can be explained by a common theory involving self-management. The editors illustrate how the idea of self-control challenges the psychological concept of aggression and provides a more useful alternative for understanding deviant behavior. They also apply the theory to the family, showing how this institution is central to crime control. Other contributors bring fresh perspectives to a variety of topics: the uncanny similarities between victims of car accidents and perpetrators of crime; the connection between drugs and crime; feminist explanations of rape; gender differences in crime rates; drunk drivers among high school students; and the progression of a delinquent's life from adolescence to adulthood. In short, this book makes a convincing case that it is a waste of intellectual effort and public funds to treat different forms of crime and deviant behavior as distinct problems. Studied collectively, various crimes may be seen to have the same causes and, hence, one cure. "The Generality of Deviance "will be a significant and provocative addition to the libraries of criminolegists, psychologists, and sociologists, those attempting to solve as well as to identify problems.
280 citations
TL;DR: Les AA. s'efforcent d'etudier les biais qui peuvent intervenir dans les echantillonnage concernant les enquetes sur le lien entre contact interracial and attitude raciale as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Les AA. s'efforcent d'etudier les biais qui peuvent intervenir dans les echantillonnage concernant les enquetes sur le lien entre contact interracial et attitude raciale. Ils reconnaissentt que, dans ce domaine, on peut statistiquement surevaluer les individus qui ne manifestent aucun prejuge racial. Ils s'attachent a evaluer ce biais et dans ce but elaborent un modele utilisant la methode d'analyse regressive pour evaluer l'effet des relations interraciales en ce qui concerne l'attitude raciale. Ils evaluent ce type de modele a partir de donnees tirees de l'Enquete Nationale sur les Noirs Americains. Ils ne parviennent pas a isoler la moindre source de biais en ce qui concerne l'echantillonnage en matiere de mesure de l'impact des contacts interraciaux sur les attitudes raciales. Ils estiment qu'il faut considerer ces contacts comme une variable exogene qui affecte ce type d'attitude
TL;DR: In this paper, the changes in social participation that people experience while moving from high school to parenthood are modeled using a three-wave panel study, and the status transmission theory explains self-oriented but not community-oriented participation.
Abstract: Participation in voluntary associations is usually explained by a Weberian theory tat uses human capital variables; however, Durkheimian heory suggests the importance of parental socialization and family status variables. Using a three-wave panel study, this article models the changes in social participation that people experience while moving from high sdchol to parenthood. Voluntary participation is accountedfor in part by the transmission of socioeconomic status, butfamily socialization through example and value modeling are often more important. Ven self-oriented (occupation and profession) and community-oriented (service, church, community, fratemal, and neighborhood) types of participation are distinguished, the status transmission theory explains self-oriented but not community-oriented participation. Family socialization explains community-oriented but not self-oriented participation. Thus, thories of voluntarism must be differentiated
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of proportional representation by race and by gender on work stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety in elite black leaders in the U.S. and found that numerical rarity by race significantly increased "token stress" and a high degree of gender tokenism increases role overload.
Abstract: Kanter's theory of proportional representation suggests that tokens should expenence more work stress and psychological symptoms than nontokens. We examine the effects of proportional representation by race and by gender on work stress and symptoms. Data come from stmctured personal interviews with a disproportionate stratified sample of elite black leaders in the U.S. (N -167). Consistent with expectations, analyses showed that numerical rarity by race and by gender significantly increased symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Numerical rarity by race significantly increases "token stress" (e.g., loss of black identity, multiple demands of being black, sense of isolation, having to show greater competence) and a high degree of gender tokenism increases role overload. Some, but not all, of the total impact of proportional representation is mediated through work stressors since these stressors are themselves directly
TL;DR: The relation existent entre la religion and la sante physique is complex and complex as mentioned in this paper, and the relation between religion and the sante can be seen as a kind of protection.
Abstract: La relation existant entre la religion et la sante physique est complexe. Dans la tradition Durkheimienne, et dans des etudes epidemiologiques longitudinales, l'implication dans la religion est montree comme ayant un effet protecteur sur la sante. Transversalement, cependant, et meme sur de courtes periodes, on observe parfois de plus hauts niveaux de religiosite associes avec une sante plus faible, dans la mesure ou, au cours des crises, les personnes se tournent souvent vers la religion pour y trouver reconfort et soutien social. Une troisieme voie de reflexion concerne les auto-evaluations de la sante qui s'averent representer de vastes conceptions du moi dans lesquelles la sante physique et les aptitudes peuvent etre devaluees tandis qu'il est fait appel aux caracteristiques non physiques, parmi lesquelles l'identite religieuse ou spirituelle. Des donnees quantitatives et qualitatives provenant d'un echantillon transversal de clients handicapes d'une clinique urbaine de reeducation soutient les deux dernieres perspectives
TL;DR: Gubrium's "Living and Dying at Murray Manor" as mentioned in this paper explores the experience of life in a nursing home and assesses the quality of long-term care provided to residents of nursing homes, and the resulting quality of lives.
Abstract: In one of his earlier books, "Living and Dying at Murray Manor, "the author availed himself of ethnographic techniques to explore the experience of life in a nursing home. This volume extends that exploration to an assessment of the quality of long-term care provided to residents of nursing homes, and of the resulting quality of lives. Taking a bottom-up rather than a top-down view, Gubrium presents these qualities in the voices of "the residents themselves, in collaboration with the interviewer. Because many residents have been "long stayers" in nursing facilities, they are confronted with matters of home, family, life history, dependence, isolation, self-worth, even destiny in ways that would be irrelevant in shorter hospital stays. Such matters present significant narrative contexts for conveying the subjective meaning of the quality assurance that has become a leading goal of health care delivery. Two key concepts are employed to organize and interpret the narratives: narrative linkages and horizons of meaning. Narrative linkages refer to the experiences, inside or outside the nursing home, that are drawn upon to communicate subjective meaning. A horizon is the pattern of narrative linkages a resident conveys in speaking of life. The approach and narrative material provide conceptual, methodological, and personal lessons. The issues raised by Gubrium's book are informed by a view of residents as biographically active and by the expectation of narrative diversity. He relates thereby a personal encounter with storytellers who offer the listener the broad range of orientations and special circumstances that continue to make meaning even at the very end of life.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyse l'impact of transferts monetaires effectues par les emigres du bassin des Caraibes en direction de leur famille restee dans les iles.
Abstract: Cet article analyse l'impact economique des transferts monetaires effectues par les emigres du bassin des Caraibes en direction de leur famille restee dans les iles . L'A. analyse ce comportement economique comme une strategie de subsistance locale motivee par les consequences de la crise economique des annees 80. Le revirement vers un modele de developpement tourne vers l'exportation dans cette region a deteriore les conditions du marche du travail, rendant difficile la subsistance avec les seuls revenus locaux. Les resultats de l'etude mettent en evidence l'importance de ces transferts de revenus dans les foyers a faibles revenus des zones urbaines de Saint-Domingue, Guatemala City, Kingston et Port-au-Prince
TL;DR: In this article, the A. etudie, a partir d'une enquete conduite en 1991 aupres d'avocats travaillant dans des grands cabinets juridiques canadiens, comment les employes sont lies a l'organisation for laquelle ils travillent.
Abstract: L'A. etudie, a partir d'une enquete conduite en 1991 aupres d'avocats travaillant dans des grands cabinets juridiques canadiens, comment les employes sont lies a l'organisation pour laquelle ils travaillent. Il montre que les organisations a caractere corporatiste s'efforcent d'impliquer leur personnel de facon maximale. En ce sens elles s'assurent la cooperation de leur personnel en leur offrant des possibilites de promotion, de participer aux decisions de l'entreprise et en cherchant a maintenir la legitimite des decideurs. Ce type d'incitations serait d'une grande valeur aupres des employes et d'une grande efficacite en ce qui concerne la cooperation, l'integration sociale de ceux-ci
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors worked with a national sample of persons confirmed in the Presbyterian Church, examining the religious faith of Baby Boomers and exploring the reasons they gave for leaving or staying in the church.
Abstract: This in-depth survey provides a vivid overview of the religious world of the Baby Boomers. The authors worked with a national sample of persons confirmed in the Presbyterian Church, examining the religious faith of Baby Boomers and exploring the reasons they gave for leaving or staying in the church. The authors identify eight types of young adults--half of them churched and the other half unchurched. Their findings provide some unexpected results.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine associations between the gender composition of professional symphony orchestras and several outcome measures - players' reports about orchestral functioning, the quality of members' relationships, and their own motivation and satisfaction.
Abstract: T7his article explores what happens when members of one identity group enter an elite institution that historically has been dominated by another. Specifically, we examine associations between the gender composition of professional symphony orchestras and several outcome measures - players' reports about orchestral functioning, the quality of members' relationships, and their own motivation and satisfaction. Analyses draw on quantitative, qualitative, and historical data collected for a comparative study of 78 symphony orchestras in four nations: the U.S., the United Kingdom, the former East Germany, and the former West Germany. Outcome measures decline as women's representation increases until the proportion of women approaches 50%. Then, the dowvnward trend flattens or reverses for many variables. The dynamics of gender integration are found to dffer (1) at low versus moderate levels offemale representation, and (2) as a function of national context. What happens as members of one identity group become an increasing presence in an organization or institution that has long been dominated by another that is, when the history of identity group exclusivity is being altered? This question can be -asked of blacks entering traditionally white organizations, and vice versa. It can be asked of Palestinians entering traditionally Israeli organizations, and vice versa. And it can be asked of women entering traditionally men's organizations, and vice versa.
TL;DR: The twenty-eight authors included in this collection share an interest in the patterns of crowd actions, social movements, and social behavior in the wake of disasters and seek to advance the field of collective behavior.
Abstract: The twenty-eight authors included in this collection share an interest in the patterns of crowd actions, social movements, and social behavior in the wake of disasters and seek to advance the field of collective behavior.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors model the croissance des organisations religieuses en tant que " produit" derive des intrants en temps and en argent, and consider the mesures de l'assistance a la messe and des donations comme des gages de ressources in temps et in argent.
Abstract: Cet article modelise la croissance des organisations religieuses en tant que « produit » derive des intrants en temps et en argent. Considerant les mesures de l'assistance a la messe et des donations comme des gages de ressources en temps et en argent, les AA. predisent la croissance de l'appartenance aux niveaux de l'assistance individuelle comme de celle de l'ensemble de la confession. Les donnees rendent compte egalement de l'enorme variation dans les taux de mobilisation des ressources entre les differentes confessions. Au cours de chacune des deux dernieres decennies, le declin de la voie principale/liberale des confessions et la montee de leurs repliques plus strictes et plus conservatrices peuvent etre modelises largement en termes de quantite de temps et d'argent qu'elles reclament et recoivent de leurs membres
TL;DR: The authors describes why Cuban communism has been misperceived and misunderstood abroad, and demonstrates the need for a revisionist view of Cuba and, by implication, other Communist regimes, drawing on interviews, personal observations, and primary sources.
Abstract: This study describes why Cuban communism has been misperceived and misunderstood abroad. Concealed behind Marxist-Leninist rhetoric and Castro's autocratic single-party rule has been a government promoting a cradle-to-grave welfare state, tolerating market reforms, foreign investment, Western trade and hard currency \"internationalism\". Not only has Castro's Cuba been less ideologically driven by Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy than has heretofore been believed, it also has been less omnipotent. Drawing on interviews, personal observations, and primary sources, this book demonstrates the need for a revisionist view of Cuba and, by implication, other Communist regimes.
TL;DR: Roth as discussed by the authors discusses the relationship between the Protestant ethic and Max Weber's ascetic practices of the self and the rise of capitalism in the early 20th century, and the role of Weber in this process.
Abstract: Introduction Guenther Roth Part I. Background and Context: 1. The German theological sources and Protestant church politics Friedrich Wilhelm Graf 2. The thesis before Weber: an archaeology Paul Munch 3. Max Weber, Protestantism, and the debate around 1900 Thomas Nipperdey 4. Weber the would-be Englishman: anglophilia and family history Guenther Roth 5. Weber's historical concept of national identity Harry Liebersohn 6. Nietzche's monastery of freer spirits and Weber's sect Hubert Treiber 7. Weber's ascetic practices of the self Harvey Goldman 8. The Protestant ethic versus the 'new ethic' Klaus Lichtblau 9. The rise of capitalism: Weber versus Sombart Hartmut Lehmann Part II. Reception and Response: 10. The longevity of the thesis: a critique of the critics Malcolm MacKinnon 11. The use and abuse of textual data David Zaret 12. Biographical evidence on predestination, covenant, and special providence Kaspar von Geryerz 13. The thing that would not die: notes on refutation Guy Oakes 14. Historical variability, sociological significance, and personal judgement Gianfranco Poggi 15. The historiography of continental Calvinism Philip Benedict 16. The Protestant ethic and the reality of capitalism in colonial America James Henretta 17. The economic ethics of the world religions Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer 18. Meet me in St Louis: Troeltsch and Weber in America Hans Rollmann List of contributors Index.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use the energy distribution principle to show that the frequency of an event is inversely related to the amount of energy expended in that event and that the composition of social positions will be less heterogeneous than chance.
Abstract: We generate a number of hypotheses about face-to-face groups using the energy distribution principle: the frequency of an event is inversely related to the amount of energy expended in that event. The principle predicts that (1) the size of groups will be inversely related to the frequency of their occurrence; (2) at any group size, the composition of social positions will be less heterogeneous than chance; and, (3) as group size increases, observed compositional homogeneity will decline at a slower rate than chance. We test these hypotheses using data on more than 100,000 naturally occurrin& public, face-to-face groups gathered in sampling sweeps through two communities over a three-year period. The data support the hypotheses and yield interesting differences in the strength of sex and race heterogeneity. We discuss thefindings as they relate to the general energy distribution principle and to other sociological perspectives.
TL;DR: The authors examine un certain nombre de donnees collectees en 1988 lors de l'enquete nationale americaine sur l'education, and s'attache a savoir si les ressources des parents, dans ce cadre d'une famille avec un seul parent biologique, affectent la reussite des enfants and si le sexe du parent Biologique exerce une influence en cette matiere.
Abstract: Plusieurs enquetes montrent que les enfants qui vivent dans une famille avec un beau-pere ou une belle-mere ont des performances scolaires moins bonnes que s'ils vivaient avec leurs deux parents biologiques. L'A. estime que ce domaine de recherche demeure inexplore. Il examine un certain nombre de donnees collectees en 1988 lors de l'enquete nationale americaine sur l'education. Il s'attache a savoir si les ressources des parents, dans ce cadre d'une famille avec un seul parent biologique, affectent la reussite des enfants et si le sexe du parent biologique exerce une influence en cette matiere