Showing papers in "viXra in 2004"
TL;DR: This book is devoted to an emerging branch of Information Fusion based on new approach for modelling the fusion problematic when the information provided by the sources is both uncertain and (highly) conflicting.
Abstract: This book is devoted to an emerging branch of Information Fusion based on new approach for modelling the fusion problematic when the information provided by the sources is both uncertain and (highly) conflicting. This approach, known in literature as DSmT (standing for Dezert-Smarandache Theory), proposes new useful rules of combinations.
576 citations
TL;DR: The Smarandache semigroups are very important for the study of congruences as discussed by the authors, and they have been introduced in algebra in order to better study the congruence.
Abstract: few notions are introduced in algebra in order to better study the congruences. Especially the Smarandache semigroups are very important for the study of congruences.
109 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a preliminary version of a Cantorian superfluid vortex hypothesis is proposed as a plausible model of nonlinear cosmology, which can be used to solve certain unsolved problems, such as gravitation instability, clustering, vorticity and void formation in galaxies.
Abstract: This article suggests a preliminary version of a Cantorian superfluid vortex hypothesis as a plausible model of nonlinear cosmology. Though some parts of the proposed theory resemble several elements of what have been proposed by Consoli (2000, 2002), Gibson (1999), Nottale (1996, 1997, 2001, 2002a), and Winterberg (2002b), it seems such a Cantorian superfluid vortex model instead of superfluid or vortex theory alone has never been proposed before. Implications of the proposed theory will be discussed subsequently, including prediction of some new outer planets in solar system beyond Pluto orbit. Therefore further observational data is recommended to falsify or verify these predictions. If the proposed hypothesis corresponds to the observed facts, then it could be used to solve certain unsolved problems, such as gravitation instability, clustering, vorticity and void formation in galaxies, and the distribution of planet orbits both in solar system and also exoplanets.
24 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, it was considered that such material parameters, such as dielectric and magnetic constant they can depend on frequency, but it turned out that this not thus, the law of the induction of Faraday does not describe all known manifestations of induction.
Abstract: In the contemporary classical electrodynamics exists many unresolved problems. The law of the induction of Faraday does not describe all known manifestations of induction. Unipolar generator is exception. Incomprehensible is the physical cause for induction. Long time was considered that such material parameters, as dielectric and magnetic constant they can depend on frequency. It turned out that this not thus. To the examination this problems is dedicated the article.
19 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a formula for the unification of a class of fusion rules based on the conjunctive and/or disjunctive rule is given, and afterwards the redistribution of the conflicting and non-conflicting mass to the non-empty sets at the second step.
Abstract: In this short note we give a formula for the unification of a class of fusion rules based on the conjunctive and/or disjunctive rule at the first step, and afterwards the redistribution of the conflicting and/or non-conflicting mass to the non-empty sets at the second step.
10 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used spontaneous gamma rays from radioisotopes, either cadmium-109 at 88 keV or cobalt-57 at 122 keV, detected with NaI(Tl) or HPGe.
Abstract: The method typically uses spontaneous gamma rays from radioisotopes, either cadmium-109 at 88 keV or cobalt-57 at 122 keV, detected with NaI(Tl) or HPGe. After a two-part split, detection pulses are windowed for the characteristic gamma ray pulse amplitude and measured in coincidence. By using high resolution detectors and gamma rays that match the part of the spectrum where the detector has a high photoelectric effect efficiency, coincidence rates are found to substantially exceed the chance rate. This refutes the quantum mechanical prediction of energy quantization. This unquantum effect implies that photons are an illusion, and is explained by an extension of the abandoned loading theory of Planck to derive the photoelectric effect equation. In scattering gamma rays in a beam splitter geometry, changes in response to magnetic fields, temperature, and crystal orientation are tools for measuring properties of atomic bonds. With detectors in a tandem geometry where the first detector is both scatterer and absorber, tests reveal properties consistent with a classical gamma ray model. The method has also shown use in discovering that different crystalline states of the gamma ray source change the extent coincidence rates exceed chance, whereas conventional gamma ray spectroscopy shows no substantial dependence upon these applied variables.
8 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the electromagnetic inertia harmonic oscillation nature of quantum particles is explained and a simple physical interpretation of string theory, wave mechanics, two-slit interference and the Faraday effect is given.
Abstract: Physical objects from quarks to planets have wavelike attributes. Q uantum theory offers an excellent mathematical structure for the wave -particle duality nature of photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms and molecules. This article explains the electromagnetic inertia harmonic oscillation nature of quantum particles and gives a simple physical interpretation of the string theory, wave mechanics, two-slit interference and the Faraday effect. 1.0 The ELECTRON. An electron is an elementary particle with the smallest non -zero rest mass. It has a negative electric charge, w hich generates a field in free space, extending to infinity, and is conversely acted on by forces due to the field.
7 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between two alternative theories of gravity, the physicalist, Electromagnetics based, polarisable vaccine hypothesis, and Yilmaz's "phenomenological" variation of the General Theory of Relativity, are explored by virtue of a simple physical model based in the application of Newtonian mechanics to propagative systems.
Abstract: The relationships between two alternative theories of gravity, the ”physicalist”, Electromagnetics based, ”Polarisable Vaccuum” theory of Puthoff and Dicke, and Yilmaz’s ”phenomenological” variation of the General Theory of Relativity, are explored by virtue of a simple physical model based in the application of Newtonian mechanics to propagative systems. A particular virtue of the physical model is that, by introducing distributed source terms, it anticipates nonlocal relationships between observables within the framework of local realism.
4 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the Riemann hypothesis on the zeros of the function has been proved to be true in various basic developments of the 20th century mathematics, although it has never been proven to be correct.
Abstract: As it is well known, the Riemann hypothesis on the zeros of the ‡(s) function has been assumed to be true in various basic developments of the 20-th century mathematics, although it has never been proved to be correct. The need for a resolution of this open historical problem has been voiced by several distinguished mathematicians. By using preceding works, in this paper we present comprehensive disproofs of the Riemann hypothesis. Moreover, in 1994 the author discovered the arithmetic function Jn(!) that can replace Riemann’s ‡(s) function in view of its proved features: if Jn(!) 6 0, then the function has infinitely many prime solutions; and if Jn(!) = 0, then the function has finitely many prime solutions. By using the Jiang J2(!) function we prove the twin prime theorem, Goldbach’s theorem and the prime theorem of the form x 2 + 1. Due to the importance of resolving the historical open nature of the Riemann hypothesis, comments by interested colleagues are here solicited.
4 citations
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TL;DR: Using a database of 610 millions mathematical constants and expressions, a search was conducted in order to find a reasonable expression based on simplicity and length for the mass ratios of fundamental particles as mentioned in this paper, which is restricted to 8 of the fundamental particles: the electron, proton, neutron, helion, tau, deuteron, alpha and the muon since their mass is known to enough precision.
Abstract: Using a database of 610 millions mathematical constants and expressions a search was conducted in order to find a reasonable expression based on simplicity and length for the mass ratios of fundamental particles. The mass ratios are the dimensionless values of the NIST‐CODATA 2002 values. The search was restricted to 8 of the fundamental particles: the electron, proton, neutron, helion, tau, deuteron, alpha and the muon since their mass is known to enough precision.
3 citations
TL;DR: In 1996 the author of this remarks wrote reviews for "Zentralblatt fur Mathematik" for books [1] and this was his first contact with the Smarandache's problems.
Abstract: In 1996 the author of this remarks wrote reviews for "Zentralblatt fur Mathematik" for books [1) and [2) and this was his first contact with the Smarandache's problems.
TL;DR: This is an experimental geometry as discussed by the authors, and all Hilbert's 20 axioms of the Euclidean GGeometry are denied in this vanguardist geometry of real chaos.
Abstract: This is an experimental geometry. All Hilbert's 20 axioms of the Euclidean GGeometry are denied in this vanguardist geometry of the real chaos: What is even more intriguing? F.Smarandache[5] has even found in 1969 a model of it.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the question of whether life on Earth is likely to be typical of life in the universe and apply a statistical approach to quantifying this bias in the case o f the timescales involved in abiogenesis and evolution of intelligent species.
Abstract: Recent studies have attempted to extrapolate the abundance of life in the universe and the properties of such life from the history of life on Ear th. A common “reasonable” assumption in such studies is that the history of life o n earth is typical of life in the universe.(1) In this poster we examine the question of whether life on Earth is likely to be typical of life in the universe. In determining t his we must consider that, as observers, we are biased by having only one example of life: the example that led to our evolution on a 4.5 billion year old earth. This “anthro pic principle,” is more accurately described as an anthropic bias, which alters the relationship between measured quanities such as evolutionary timescales and the distribution of values these quantities may have in reality. In some instances this bias c an be quantified. We apply a statistical approach to quantifying this bias in the case o f the timescales involved in abiogenesis and evolution of intelligent species. Methodology For simplicity, we model the evolution of intelligent life a s two Poissonian processes, abiogenesis, and evolution of intelligence with typical timesc ales of τbio and τevo. In practice, this method works for arbitrary numbers of variables and non-Poissonian processes. We also tbio and tevo as the actual time required for abiogenesis and evolution on a specific world. Our task is, given a single measurement of tbio and tevo, what is the distribution of likely values of τbio and τevo. For a given τbio, the probability of life existing on a planet identical to ea rth at some time t0 is: PL (t0) = 1
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TL;DR: In this paper, the product of divisors of the positive integer n is studied and some basic properties involving two functions, which are the minimum, resp. the maximum of certain integers connected with T(n) are studied.
Abstract: Let T(n) denote the product of divisors of the positive integer n. We introduce and study some basic properties involving two functions, which are the minimum, resp. the maximum of certain integers connected with the divisors of T(n).
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalisation of Euler's function is proposed, which is called cp: N ~ N defined as follows: (-V-n E N)cp(n) = I~ = 1,n I (k, n) = 1.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to propose a generalisation for Euler's function, This function is cp: N ~ N defined as follows (-V-n E N)cp(n) = I~ = 1,n I (k,n) = I}. Perhaps, this is the most important function in number theory having many properties in number theory, combinatorics, etc. The main properties [Hardy & Wright, 1979] of this function are enumerated in the following: (-V-a,b E N)(a,b) = 1 => cp(a· b) = cp(a)· cp(b)-the multiplicative property (1) a=p~! .p';' ..... p;' =>cp(a)=a-(l-fpJ-(l-fpJ ....-(l-fpJ (2) (-V-aEN)Icp(d)=a. (3) da More properties concerning this function can be found in [ In the following, we shall see how this function is generalised such that the above properties are still kept. The way that will be used to introduce Euler's generalised function is from the function's formula to the function's properties.
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of the sequences fmq(n)g, where g denotes the integer part of k-th root of a positive integer n, were studied and an interesting asymptotic formula was given.
Abstract: For any positive integer n, let mq(n) denote the integer part of k-th root of n. That is, mq(n) = h n 1k i. In this paper, we study the properties of the sequences fmq(n)g, and give an interesting asymptotic formula.
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TL;DR: Five versions of a Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule (PCR) for information fusion together with several examples are proposed and improved PCR rules are proposed in this paper.
Abstract: In this paper we propose five versions of a Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule (PCR) for information fusion togeth er with several examples. From PCR1 to PCR2, PCR3, PCR4, PCR5 on e increases the complexity of the rules and also the exactitu de of the redistribution of conflicting masses. PCR1 restricte d from the hyper-power set to the power set and without degene rate cases gives the same result as the Weighted Average Operator (WAO) proposed recently by Josang, Daniel and Vannoorenberghe bu t does not satisfy the neutrality property of vacuous belief assig nment. That's why improved PCR rules are proposed in this pap er. PCR4 is an improvement of minC and Dempster's rules. The PCR rules re distribute the conflicting mass, after the conjunctive rulehas been applied, proportionally with some functions depending on t he masses assigned to their corresponding columns in the mas s matrix. There are infinitely many ways these functions (weighting fa ctors) can be chosen depending on the complexity one wants to deal with in specific applications and fusion systems. Any fusion comb ination rule is at some degree ad-hoc.
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TL;DR: In this article, a liquid model of the Sun is presented wherein the entire solar mass is viewed as a high density/high energy plasma, and the incompressible nature of liquids is advanced to prevent solar collapse from gravitational forces.
Abstract: In this work, a liquid model of the Sun is presented wherein the entire solar mass is viewed as a high density/high energy plasma. This model challenges our current understanding of the densities associated with the internal layers of the Sun, advocating a relatively constant density, almost independent of radial position. The incompressible nature of liquids is advanced to prevent solar collapse from gravitational forces. The liquid plasma model of the Sun is a non-equilibrium approach, where nuclear reactions occur throughout the solar mass. The primary means of addressing internal heat transfer are convection and conduction. As a result of the convective processes on the solar surface, the liquid model brings into question the established temperature of the solar photosphere by highlighting a violation of Kirchhoff’s law of thermal emission. Along these lines, the model also emphasizes that radiative emission is a surface phenomenon. Evidence that the Sun is a high density/high energy plasma is based on our knowledge of Planckian thermal emission and condensed matter, including the existence of pressure ionization and liquid metallic hydrogen at high temperatures and pressures. Prior to introducing the liquid plasma model, the historic and scientific justifications for the gaseous model of the Sun are reviewed and the gaseous equations of state are also discussed.
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TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that if the equation has an integer solution and a$b is not a perfect square, then (1) has infinitely many integer solutions; in this case, we find a closed expression for (xn, yn), the general positive integer solution, by an original method.
Abstract: First, we consider the equation (1) ax by + c = 0, with a,bcN* and ccZ*. It is a generalization of Pell's equation: x Dy = 1. Here, we show that: if the equation has an integer solution and a$b is not a perfect square, then (1) has infinitely many integer solutions; in this case we find a closed expression for (xn, yn), the general positive integer solution, by an original method. More, we generalize it for a Diophantine equation of second degree and with n variables of the form: n 2 aixi = b, with all ai,bcZ, n m 2. i=1
TL;DR: Besides the existing four fundamental interactions there must exist six neutral fundamental interactions (as six new forms of interaction) in accordance with the neutrosophy theory, and there are ten fundamental interactions all together as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Besides the existing four fundamental interactions there must exist six neutral fundamental interactions (as six new forms of interaction) in accordance with the neutrosophy theory. For example, between strong interaction and weak interaction there exists intermediate interaction, namely neutral strong-weak fundamental interaction, it’s neither strong interaction nor weak interaction, but something in between. Similarly, other five neutral fundamental interactions are neutral strong-electromagnetic fundamental interaction, neutral strong-gravitation fundamental interaction, neutral weak-electromagnetic fundamental interaction, neutral weak-gravitation fundamental interaction and neutral electromagnetic-gravitation fundamental interaction. Thus, there are ten fundamental interactions all together.