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Proceedings ArticleDOI

A comparison of wearable and stationary sensors for stress detection

TLDR
The main results point out that the Empatica E4 wristband had a significant loss in terms of detected interbeat intervals, but that time-domain features such as the mean heart rate and standard deviation of the heart rate were still well estimated, with good stress discrimination power.
Abstract
To test the stress detection performance of a wearable sensor system, the signals related to heart activity and electrodermal activity of the Empatica E4 wristband have been compared to stationary electrocardiogram and finger skin conductivity electrodes of high sampling rates during the classical laboratory stress protocol Trier Social Stress Test. The comparison has been done on both signal level and in terms of features for stress detection on a total of seven subjects. The main results point out that the Empatica E4 wristband had a significant loss in terms of detected interbeat intervals, but that time-domain features such as the mean heart rate and standard deviation of the heart rate were still well estimated, with good stress discrimination power. Furthermore, the skin conductivity signals measured at different locations (wrist versus finger) show no visual resemblance and it appears that the signal from the Empatica E4 wristband yielded higher stress discrimination power than the signal measured at the fingers.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Stress detection in daily life scenarios using smart phones and wearable sensors: A survey.

TL;DR: This survey will examine the recent works on stress detection in daily life which are using smartphones and wearable devices and investigate the works according to used physiological modality and their targeted environment such as office, campus, car and unrestricted daily life conditions.
Book ChapterDOI

Emotion Recognition Using Physiological Signals: Laboratory vs. Wearable Sensors

TL;DR: In the current study, Machine Learning models were trained to compare the Biopac MP150 (laboratory sensor) and Empatica E4 (wearable sensor) in terms of emotion recognition accuracy and results show similar accuracy between data collected using laboratory and wearable sensors.
Journal ArticleDOI

Stressing the accuracy: Wrist‐worn wearable sensor validation over different conditions

TL;DR: Assessment of the accuracy of a wearable sensor designed for research purposes, the E4 wristband, in measuring heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and skin conductance (SC) over five laboratory conditions widely used in stress reactivity research and two ecological conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI

Validity of the Empatica E4 wristband to measure heart rate variability (HRV) parameters: A comparison to electrocardiography (ECG)

TL;DR: Results of this study indicate the potential of the Empatica E4 as a practical and valid tool for research on HR and HRV under non-movement conditions and could be considered as a first step to support the use of HRV recordings provided by wearables.
Journal ArticleDOI

A standardized validity assessment protocol for physiological signals from wearable technology: Methodological underpinnings and an application to the E4 biosensor

TL;DR: The results of the protocol show that the E4 wearable is valid for heart rate, RMSSD, and SD at the parameter and event levels, and for the total amplitude of skin conductance responses at the event level when studying strong sustained stressors.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm

TL;DR: A real-time algorithm that reliably recognizes QRS complexes based upon digital analyses of slope, amplitude, and width of ECG signals and automatically adjusts thresholds and parameters periodically to adapt to such ECG changes as QRS morphology and heart rate.
Journal ArticleDOI

The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’ – A Tool for Investigating Psychobiological Stress Responses in a Laboratory Setting

TL;DR: The results suggest that gender, genetics and nicotine consumption can influence the individual's stress responsiveness to psychological stress while personality traits showed no correlation with cortisol responses to TSST stimulation.
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