This article is published in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.The article was published on 2007-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 674 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: AC power & Electric power system.
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary services in power systems from various parts of the world is presented, where the economic features that must be taken into account when designing markets for ancillaries are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used dynamic simulations to study the provision of such a dynamic frequency control support by energy storage systems in the French island of Guadeloupe with large shares of wind or solar generation, and showed that fast-acting storage, by acting as a synthetic inertia, can mitigate the impact of these sources on the dynamic performance of the studied island grid in the case of a major generation outage.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the main aspects of the DMG framework, illustrating its characteristics and summarizing the relevant DMG structures, backed by an extended review of the most recent journal publications and reports.
TL;DR: This paper reviews several inertia and frequency control techniques proposed for variable speed wind turbines and solar PV generators and includes inertia emulation, fast power reserve, and droop techniques, which are used to release the RESs reserve power at under frequency events.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that two-way communication is not essential and that the demand can respond to the frequency error in a manner similar to the generators, and that, using this approach, the demand side can make a significant and reliable contribution to primary frequency response while preserving the benefits that consumers derive from their supply of electric energy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe what automatic generation control (AGC) might be expected to do, and what may not be possible or expedient for it to do; the purposes and objectives of AGC are limited by physical elements involved in the process and the relevant characteristics of these elements are described.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a Co-ordinated Secondary Voltage Control (CSVC) system, which is an automatic closed-loop system with a dynamic of a few minutes, taking into account the network conditions (topology, loads, voltage limits and the generator operating constraints).
TL;DR: In this article, the control strategies adopted at ENEL (the Italian Electric Power Company) for the automatic voltage regulation and for the short and very short term reactive power scheduling are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an algorithm to estimate /spl beta/ online using variables commonly available from existing AGC system and evaluate its performance in simulated conditions and on actual field data.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have systematically kept track of Eastern interconnection frequency governing characteristic, called beta, for a period of more than 10 years, and found that Beta has been declining, and has reached a level of 31 MW/mHz.
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "A survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary services—part i: technical features" ?
This two-part paper surveys the frequency and voltage control ancillary services in power systems from various parts of the world. In this first part, the nomenclature used to describe active power reserves across 11 systems is first reviewed in order to facilitate the comparison of frequency control ancillary services.
Q2. Why is the frequency and power flow measured with discrete time steps?
Because of data management problems, the frequency and the power flows through interconnections are measured with discrete time steps.
Q3. What type of reserve is used for performing secondary frequency control?
Only one type of reserve is defined for performing secondary frequency control, except in Sweden and Great Britain, where secondary control is not used.
Q4. Why does the frequency characteristic not appear in the table?
Since units providing primaryfrequency control must respond immediately to a change in frequency, the “deployment start” does not appears in this table.
Q5. What is the definition of a basic or compulsory reactive power service?
The basic or compulsory reactive power service encompasses the requirements that generating units must fulfill to be connected to the network.
Q6. What does the UCTE say about reactive power?
reactive power connecting conditions do not imply that one system uses more or less reactive power than another one since TSOs can contract for additional reactive capabilities or use some of their own reactive power sources.
Q7. Why is the secondary frequency control ancillary service managed by the TSO?
On the other hand, because the controller of the secondary frequency control ancillary service is managed by the TSO, only deployment times are important,which results in a less differentiated product.
Q8. What is the importance of the measurement accuracy and the parameters of the voltage controller?
for the stability of the system, the measurement accuracy and the parameters of the voltage controller should be considered carefully.