Journal ArticleDOI
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Cognitive Correlates of Bilingualism
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TLDR
The authors conducted a meta-analysis of studies that examined the cognitive correlates of bilingualism and found that bilingualism is reliably associated with several cognitive outcomes, including increased attentional control, working memory, metalinguistic awareness, and abstract and symbolic representation skills.Abstract:
A number of studies have documented the cognitive outcomes associated with bilingualism. To gain a clear understanding of the extent and diversity of these cognitive outcomes, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of studies that examined the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Data from 63 studies (involving 6,022 participants) were extracted and analyzed following established protocols and procedures for conducting systematic reviews and guidelines for meta-analysis. Results indicate that bilingualism is reliably associated with several cognitive outcomes, including increased attentional control, working memory, metalinguistic awareness, and abstract and symbolic representation skills. Overall mean effect sizes varied from small to large, depending on the cognitive outcomes measured, and were moderated by methodological features of the studies.read more
Citations
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How Big Is “Big”? Interpreting Effect Sizes in L2 Research
Luke Plonsky,Frederick L. Oswald +1 more
TL;DR: This paper presented a description of L2 effects from 346 primary studies and 91 meta-analyses (N > 604,000) and found that Cohen's benchmarks generally underestimate the effects obtained in L2 research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
TL;DR: This research shows that bilingualism has a somewhat muted effect in adulthood but a larger role in older age, protecting against cognitive decline, a concept known as 'cognitive reserve'.
Journal ArticleDOI
Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes
TL;DR: It is suggested that bilinguals do enjoy a more widespread cognitive advantage that is likely observable on a variety of cognitive assessment tools but that is most often not apparent on traditional assays of nonlinguistic inhibitory control processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage
Gigi Luk,Ellen Bialystok +1 more
TL;DR: Responses from a questionnaire administered to 110 heterogeneous bilingual young adults concern participants' language use, acquisition history, and self-reported proficiency were examined, supporting the notion that bilingual experience is composed of multiple related dimensions that will need to be considered in assessments of the consequences of bilingualism.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Bilingual Adaptation: How Minds Accommodate Experience
TL;DR: Although most of the research discussed in the review reports some relation between bilingualism and cognitive or brain outcomes, several areas of research largely fail to show these effects and an account based on "executive attention" is proposed to explain the range of research findings.
References
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TL;DR: It is concluded that H and I2, which can usually be calculated for published meta-analyses, are particularly useful summaries of the impact of heterogeneity, and one or both should be presented in publishedMeta-an analyses in preference to the test for heterogeneity.
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Larry V. Hedges,Ingram Olkin +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model for estimating the effect size from a series of experiments using a fixed effect model and a general linear model, and combine these two models to estimate the effect magnitude.
Journal ArticleDOI
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results
TL;DR: Quantitative procedures for computing the tolerance for filed and future null results are reported and illustrated, and the implications are discussed.
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Practical Meta-Analysis
Mark W. Lipsey,David B. Wilson +1 more
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis procedure called “Meta-Analysis Interpretation for Meta-Analysis Selecting, Computing and Coding the Effect Size Statistic and its applications to Data Management Analysis Issues and Strategies.