Journal ArticleDOI
A Temperate Region Plant-Ant-Seed Predator System: Consequences of Extra Floral Nectar Secretion by Helianthella Quinquenervis
David W. Inouye,Orley R. Taylor +1 more
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TLDR
Flowers of some other composite species in the same habitats appear to be more effectively protected from predation by chemical deterrents, raising questions of the relative benefits of chemical deterrenting compared to ants as a means of protection.Abstract:
Helianthella quinquenervis (Asteraceae), the aspen sunflower, secretes sugar and amino acid rich nectar from involucral bracts during bud and flowering stages. The nectar is usually collected by ants as fast as it is secreted. H. quinquenervis is subject to predispersal seed predation by larvae of several insect species, primarily tephritid flies, an agromyzid fly, and 3 Lepidoptera. When present, ants interrupt oviposition efforts by the female flies but do not appear to be effective against lepidopteran or mammalian herbivores. The degree of protection by ants conferred upon plants was investigated by excluding ants from some plants and by correlating ant density with subsequent damage to ovules and developing seeds. At higher elevations (2896 and 3091 m) damage to plants with ants was significantly reduced compared with plants without ants. At a lower elevation (2734 m) where seed predator and ant densities were highest, the ants were less effective as deterrents and predation on ovules and seeds usually exceeded 60W. Flowers of some other composite species in the same habitats appear to be more effectively protected from predation by chemical deterrents, raising questions of the relative benefits of chemical deterrents compared to ants as a means of protection.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers
David W. Inouye,David W. Inouye +1 more
TL;DR: The findings point out the paradox of increased frost damage in the face of global warming, provide important insights into the adaptive significance of phenology, and have general implications for flowering plants throughout the region and anywhere climate change is having similar impacts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants.
TL;DR: Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems, although not a universal phenomenon, are a consistent response throughout the published studies reviewed here, and this analysis suggests that they occur more frequently in terrestrial Systems than currently believed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insects as Flower Visitors and Pollinators
and P G Kevan,Herbert G. Baker +1 more
TL;DR: This review concentrates on the entomologically relevant literature published since 1967 onination ecology, and has attempted to cover concepts, related disciplines, and insect taxa by reference to publica tions through which the reader may delve deeper.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Ecology of Mutualism
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define mutualism as "an interaction between species that is beneficial to both" since it has both historical priority (311) and general currency (general currency).
Journal ArticleDOI
Herbivore-induced, indirect plant defences.
TL;DR: This work focuses on two induced indirect defences, namely the de novo production of volatiles and the secretion of extrafloral nectar, which both mediate interactions with organisms from higher trophic levels and ecological aspects of these two indirect defences such as their variability, specificity, evolution as well as their ecological relevance in nature.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Coevolution of mutualism between ants and acacias in central america
TL;DR: The coevolution of one of the more thoroughly studied mutualistic systems in the New World tropics: the interdependency between the swollen-thorn acacias and their ant inhabitants is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Extrafloral nectaries and protection by pugnacious bodyguards
TL;DR: Extra-nuptial nectar glands, by their secretion, attracts to the plants which bear them, hordes of ants which constitute a temporary and changing bodyguard, disputing the presence of all other insects with the exception of their proteges the sugar-secreting aphids, coccids, etc, and resisting often furiously and effectively, the onslaught of ruminants and other large animals.
Book ChapterDOI
Studies of nectar-constitution and pollinator-plant coevolution
Herbert G. Baker,Irene Baker +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Cherries, Ants and Tent Caterpillars: Timing of Nectar Production in Relation in Relation to Susceptibility of Catepillars to Ant Predation
TL;DR: It is suggested that the ant—cherry relationship is a faculative mutualism and that nectar production is timed so as to maximize the chance of successful ant predation on tent—caterpillar colonies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chemical defence in Central American non-ant-Acacias
TL;DR: Evidence is presented in favour of the following hypotheses that non-ant-acacia are protected from herbivores by the presence in their foliage of toxic or repellant chemicals; symbiosis with ants has been evolved by antacacias as an alternative means of protection; and chemical defence has subsequently been lost in the ant-acacia, possibly because maintenance of both ant and chemical Defence places an unnecessary metabolic burden on the plant.