Journal ArticleDOI
A window for the study of prenatal sex hormone influences on postnatal development.
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Amniotic fluid samples from midgestation were assayed for levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and significant sex differences were observed, with some degree of overlap between the sexes.Abstract:
In humans, the influence of prenatal sex hormones on the fetal brain and subsequent postnatal development has had limited study because of the apparent inaccessibility of hormone levels in normal fetuses. We propose that amniotic fluid obtained via midtrimester amniocentesis can be assayed for fetal hormone levels during the period thought to be important for sexual differentiation of the brain. Amniotic fluid samples from midgestation (N = 70) were assayed for levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and significant sex differences were observed (ps less than .001), with some degree of overlap between the sexes. The possibility of applying hormone levels obtained from amniotic fluid to the study of postnatal development is discussed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol.
TL;DR: Preliminary findings lend support to an association between low 2D:4D and high levels of FT relative to FE, and high 2D-4D with low FTrelative to FE.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
TL;DR: Clinical aspects of sex differences in affective disorders including the emergence ofsex differences across developmental stages and the impact of reproductive events are focused on.
Journal ArticleDOI
Strategies and Methods for Research on Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior
Jill B. Becker,Arthur P. Arnold,Karen J. Berkley,Jeffrey D. Blaustein,Lisa A. Eckel,Elizabeth Hampson,James P. Herman,Sherry A. Marts,Wolfgang Sadee,Meir Steiner,Jane R. Taylor,Elizabeth A. Young +11 more
TL;DR: Methods and procedures are described to assist scientists new to the field in designing and conducting experiments to investigate sex differences in research involving both laboratory animals and humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Why Are Autism Spectrum Conditions More Prevalent in Males
Simon Baron-Cohen,Michael V. Lombardo,Bonnie Auyeung,Emma Ashwin,Bhismadev Chakrabarti,Bhismadev Chakrabarti,Rebecca C. Knickmeyer,Rebecca C. Knickmeyer +7 more
TL;DR: Some of the evidence relating to the EMB theory of ASC is described and how typical sex differences in brain structure may be relevant to ASC is considered, as these theories are not mutually exclusive and ASC is multi-factorial.
Journal ArticleDOI
Psychopathology in Women and Men: Focus on Female Hormones
TL;DR: Estrogens are neuroprotective with respect to neuronal degeneration, growth, and susceptibility to toxins, and the cyclic fluctuations of estrogens and progesterone enhance the response to stress, which confers susceptibility to depression and anxiety.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Sexual differentiation of the brain.
TL;DR: This book is very referred for you because it gives not only the experience but also lesson, that's not about who are reading this sexual differentiation of the brain book but about this book that will give wellness for all people from many societies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Testosterone Formation and Metabolism During Male Sexual Differentiation in the Human Embryo
Pentti K. Siiteri,Jean D. Wilson +1 more
TL;DR: It was concluded that testosterone is the principal androgen formed by the fetal testis at the time of male sexual differentiation.
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Hypophyso-gonadal function in humans during the first year of life. 1. Evidence for testicular activity in early infancy
TL;DR: The present data demonstrate that the testes are active during the first natal period and it is possible that the surge in testosterone occurring the first 3 mo could play a role in the future life pattern of the male human being.
Journal ArticleDOI
Studies on human sexual development. II. Fetal and maternal serum gonadotropin and sex steroid concentrations.
TL;DR: Both fetal and maternal “hCG-LH” levels declined with fetal age, with no apparent sex difference, and overall mean E2 levels in the females were higher than in the males.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pituitary-Gonadal Relations in Infancy: 2. Patterns of Serum Gonadal Steroid Concentrations in Man from Birth to Two Years of Age
TL;DR: Testosterone, estradiol, 170H-progesterone, and androstenedione concentrations were determined in cord sera and in peripheral sera from infants and it is suggested that there is also ovarian secretion of sex steroids in some female infants in response to the elevated FSH and LH levels which are seen at this time.
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