It is demonstrated that extremely high repetition rates, which make ablation cooling possible, reduce the laser pulse energies needed for ablation and increase the efficiency of the removal process by an order of magnitude over previously used laser parameters.
Abstract:
The use of femtosecond laser pulses allows precise and thermal-damage-free removal of material (ablation) with wide-ranging scientific, medical and industrial applications. However, its potential is limited by the low speeds at which material can be removed and the complexity of the associated laser technology. The complexity of the laser design arises from the need to overcome the high pulse energy threshold for efficient ablation. However, the use of more powerful lasers to increase the ablation rate results in unwanted effects such as shielding, saturation and collateral damage from heat accumulation at higher laser powers. Here we circumvent this limitation by exploiting ablation cooling, in analogy to a technique routinely used in aerospace engineering. We apply ultrafast successions (bursts) of laser pulses to ablate the target material before the residual heat deposited by previous pulses diffuses away from the processing region. Proof-of-principle experiments on various substrates demonstrate that extremely high repetition rates, which make ablation cooling possible, reduce the laser pulse energies needed for ablation and increase the efficiency of the removal process by an order of magnitude over previously used laser parameters. We also demonstrate the removal of brain tissue at two cubic millimetres per minute and dentine at three cubic millimetres per minute without any thermal damage to the bulk.
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Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "Ablation-cooled material removal with ultrafast bursts of pulses" ?
The authors also demonstrate the removal of brain tissue at two cubic millimetres per minute and dentine at three cubic millimetres per minute without any thermal damage to the bulk9,11.
Q2. How many pulses could be produced in the burst mode?
Lower repetition rates of 1 MHz and 27 MHz could be obtained by selectively picking pulses using the acousto-optic modulator that is used to create the bursts.
Q3. What is the principle criterion for the ablationcooled laser?
The principle criterion is for the repetition rate of the laser to be faster than the rate at which thermal energy diffuses, or is convected in case of fluids, into the surrounding regions.
Q4. What procedures were used in the experiments?
Histological analyses were performed used haematoxylin and eosin staining and DAPI staining procedures (Supplementary Information section 12).
Q5. What is the way to analyze a sample?
The processed samples were analysed using bright-field optical microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and (in several cases) in situ optical coherence tomography.
Q6. How many MHz of laser were used in the experiments?
The intraburst repetition rate of this laser was designed to be switchable between 108 MHz, 216 MHz, 432 MHz, 864 MHz, 1,728 MHz and 3,456 MHz.
Q7. What was the preferred method for positioning the laser beam on the sample?
The preferred method for positioning the laser beam on the sample was to use a computer-controlled galvonometric scanner, owing to their high speeds.
Q8. What was the preferred method for analyzing the ablation efficiency?
To characterize the ablation efficiency, the scanning speed was adjusted so a single pulse (in the traditional regime) or a single burst (in the ablation-cooled regime) was incident at each ablation spot to eliminate the complicated effects of crater formation and shape on the amount of material ablated.
Q9. What type of laser was used in the experiments?
The majority of the experiments were performed with a customized Yb-doped fibre-laser, which is capable of operating in either a burst or uniform mode at a central wavelength of 1,035 nm.
Q10. What is the thermal relaxation time for the laser?
(Commonly found values for the thermal relaxation times in the scientific literature pertain to linear absorption, which is not valid for ablation by ultrafast pulses.
Q11. What are the ethical standards of the Bilkent University Ethics Committee?
Soft-tissue experiments were done in accordance with the ethical standards of the Bilkent University Ethics Committee, Approval Number 2013/63.
Q12. What is the smallest size of the interaction volume?
The dimensions of the interaction volume within which the deposited laser energy needs to be contained can be estimated as the size of the region to be ablated by the subsequent pulses, which is in the range of several hundred nanometres.
Q13. What is the difference between the traditional and the ablation-cooled regime?
The onset of ablation cooling is gradual (see Supplementary Figs 1 and 3) and even a repetition rate that corresponds to the inverse of 10τ0 confers some of the benefits of this regime.