Journal ArticleDOI
Aggregated Modeling and Control of Air Conditioning Loads for Demand Response
TLDR
In this article, a highly accurate aggregated model is developed for a population of air conditioning loads, which effectively includes statistical information of the load population, systematically deals with load heterogeneity, and accounts for second-order dynamics necessary to accurately capture the transient dynamics in the collective response.Abstract:
Demand response is playing an increasingly important role in the efficient and reliable operation of the electric grid. Modeling the dynamic behavior of a large population of responsive loads is especially important to evaluate the effectiveness of various demand response strategies. In this paper, a highly accurate aggregated model is developed for a population of air conditioning loads. The model effectively includes statistical information of the load population, systematically deals with load heterogeneity, and accounts for second-order dynamics necessary to accurately capture the transient dynamics in the collective response. Based on the model, a novel aggregated control strategy is designed for the load population under realistic conditions. The proposed controller is fully responsive and achieves the control objective without sacrificing end-use performance. The proposed aggregated modeling and control strategy is validated through realistic simulations using GridLAB-D. Extensive simulation results indicate that the proposed approach can effectively manage a large number of air conditioning systems to provide various demand response services, such as frequency regulation and peak load reduction.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Aggregate Flexibility of Thermostatically Controlled Loads
TL;DR: In this paper, a stochastic battery with dissipation model was proposed to characterize the power limits and energy capacity of a collection of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) in terms of TCL parameters and random exogenous variables such as ambient temperature and user-specified set points.
Journal ArticleDOI
Distributionally Robust Chance-Constrained Optimal Power Flow With Uncertain Renewables and Uncertain Reserves Provided by Loads
TL;DR: In this article, the authors formulate a chance constrained optimal power flow problem to procure minimum cost energy, generator reserves, and load reserves given uncertainty in renewable energy production, load consumption and load reserve capacities, which ensures that chance constraints are satisfied for any distribution in an ambiguity set built upon the first two moments.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Geometric Approach to Aggregate Flexibility Modeling of Thermostatically Controlled Loads
TL;DR: This paper proposes a geometric approach to model the aggregate flexibility of TCLs, and shows that the set of admissible power profiles of an individual TCL is a polytope, and their aggregate flexibility is the Minkowski sum of the individual polytopes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Quantifying Flexibility of Commercial and Residential Loads for Demand Response using Setpoint Changes
Rongxin Yin,Emre Can Kara,Emre Can Kara,Yaping Li,Nicholas DeForest,Ke Wang,Taiyou Yong,Michael Stadler +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a novel demand response estimation framework for residential and commercial buildings using a combination of EnergyPlus and two-state models for thermostatically controlled loads, which can predict DR potential with 80-90% accuracy for more than 90% of data points.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measures to improve energy demand flexibility in buildings for demand response (DR): A review
TL;DR: The measures for improving the flexibility of commercial and residential buildings are summarized, a systematic methodology framework to evaluate energy demand flexibility in buildings is developed, and a synergistic approach with various measures is advisable.
References
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Achieving Controllability of Electric Loads
TL;DR: Conceptual frameworks for actively involving highly distributed loads in power system control actions and some of the challenges to achieving a load control scheme that balances device- level objectives with power system-level objectives are discussed.
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Tapping the energy storage potential in electric loads to deliver load following and regulation, with application to wind energy
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop new methods to model and control the aggregated power demand from a population of thermostatically controlled loads, with the goal of delivering services such as regulation and load following.
Dynamic Pricing, Advanced Metering, and Demand Response in Electricity Markets
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview and analysis of the possible approaches to bringing an active demand side into electricity markets and discuss the fundamental economics of establishing these incentives and the economic loss from systems that lack demand-side participation, and analyze the effect of these incentives on the efficiency and competitiveness of the market.
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The impact of informational feedback on energy consumption—A survey of the experimental evidence
TL;DR: In this paper, a dozen utility pilot programs in North America and abroad that focus on the energy conservation impact of In-Home Displays (IHDs) were evaluated. And they found that consumers who actively use an IHD can reduce their consumption of electricity on average by 7 percent when prepayment of electricity is not involved.
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Decentralized Demand-Side Contribution to Primary Frequency Control
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that two-way communication is not essential and that the demand can respond to the frequency error in a manner similar to the generators, and that, using this approach, the demand side can make a significant and reliable contribution to primary frequency response while preserving the benefits that consumers derive from their supply of electric energy.