Arecoline plays dual role on adrenal function and glucose-glycogen homeostasis under thermal stress in mice
TL;DR: Arecoline in thermal stress plays a dual role on adrenal function and glucose-glycogen homeostasis in mice by ultrastructural and hormonal parameters.
Abstract: Arecoline has biomedical importance, but it has untoward side effects on endocrine functions. The aim is to investigate its role on adrenal activity under thermal stress by ultrastructural and horm...
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TL;DR: The importance of arecoline is supported by its being the world's fourth most commonly used human psychoactive substance (after alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine) and social and historical aspects of its use and abuse.
Abstract: Arecoline is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid from areca (betel) nuts of the areca palm ( Areca catechu) endemic to South and Southeast Asia. A partial agonist of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, arecoline evokes multiple effects on the central nervous system (CNS), including stimulation, alertness, elation, and anxiolysis. Like nicotine, arecoline also evokes addiction and withdrawal symptoms (upon discontinuation). The abuse of areca nuts is widespread, with over 600 million users globally. The importance of arecoline is further supported by its being the world's fourth most commonly used human psychoactive substance (after alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine). Here, we discuss neuropharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of arecoline, as well as social and historical aspects of its use and abuse. Paralleling clinical findings, we also evaluate its effects in animal models and outline future clinical and preclinical CNS research in this field.
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated here a link between behavioral changes and the degree of morphofunctional transformation of the liver is demonstrated, which may indicate a decrease in the range of compensatory adaptive reactions in stressed animals.
TL;DR: In this article , a predator-induced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was modeled in sexually mature male Wistar rats using predatory stress induced by a prey's fear for a predator.
Abstract: The extraordinary situation of the 2019–2022 pandemic caused a dramatic jump in the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is currently regarded not only as a neuropsychiatric disorder, but also as a comorbidity accompanied by cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders, liver dysfunction, etc. The relationship between behavioral disorders and the degree of morphofunctional changes in the liver remains obscure. In this study, PTSD was modeled in sexually mature male Wistar rats using predatory stress induced by a prey’s fear for a predator. Testing in an elevated plus maze allowed the rat population to be divided into animals with low-anxiety (LAP) and high-anxiety (HAP) phenotypes. It was found that morphofunctional analysis of the liver, in contrast to its biochemical profiling, provides a clearer evidence that predatory stress induces liver dysfunction in rats of both phenotypes. This may indicate a decrease in the range of compensatory adaptive reactions in stressed animals. However, in HAP rats, the level of morphofunctional abnormalities in the mechanisms responsible for carbohydrate-fat, water-electrolyte and protein metabolism in the liver testified the prenosological state of the organ, while further functional loading and resulting tension of the regulatory systems could lead to homeostatic downregulation. Meanwhile, the liver of LAP animals was only characterized by insignificant diffuse changes. Thus, we demonstrate here a link between behavioral changes and the degree of morphofunctional transformation of the liver.
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1,684 citations
TL;DR: Manual and automated methods for the determination of blood glucose have been devised using an oxidase/peroxidase system, with dl adrenaline, a non-carcinogen, as oxygen acceptor.
Abstract: Manual and automated methods for the determination of blood glucose have been devised using an oxidase/peroxidase system, with dl adrenaline, a non-carcinogen, as oxygen acceptor. The manual technique employs a stable single solution protein precipitant and the other reagents used are also stable. The automated methods are operated at 40/hr sample speed and washover between samples, over a very wide concentration range, is negligible.
1,577 citations
"Arecoline plays dual role on adrena..." refers methods in this paper
...Blood (serum) glucose levels were measured by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) enzymatic method (Trinder 1969) using the AUTOSPAN Kit (Span Diagnostic Ltd. Surat, India)....
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TL;DR: Data presented in Table I show that the “sugar,” obtained from tissues after acid hydrolysis and mercury precipitation, comprises in every instance non-fermentable reducing substances having no relationship to glycogen, and that the amount of these substances is sufficient to cause gross errors.
Abstract: Bierry and Gruzewska (1, 2) were the first to eliminate the precipitation of glycogen. In their method the tissue (liver or muscle) is first hydrolyzed .with KOH, then autoclaved with acid; the fluid is treated with mercuric nitrate to remove nitrogenous substances, and in the resulting solution reducing matter is determined by Bertrand’s method. It is assumed that the reduction represents glucose derived from glycogen. Subsequent workers omitted the treatment with alkali. They removed preformed sugar by extraction with alcohol, and subjected the tissue to acid hydrolysis by heating it in a water bath with 2.2 per cent HCl or N HZS04 for 3 or 4 hours. After precipitation with mercury salts the reducing matter in the liquid, expressed in terms of glucose, was considered to be the equivalent of the glycogen content. Our experiments, however, do not justify this assumption. Data presented in Table I show that the “sugar,” obtained from tissues after acid hydrolysis and mercury precipitation, comprises in every instance non-fermentable reducing substances having no relationship to glycogen, and that the amount of these substances is sufficient to cause gross errors. The glycogen isolated by Pfliiger’s method, on the other hand, yields upon acid hydrolysis
1,332 citations
"Arecoline plays dual role on adrena..." refers methods in this paper
...Liver glycogen levels were measured by the method of Hassid and Abraham (Hassid and Abraham 1957)....
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TL;DR: This review focuses mainly on the similarities and differences between the neuroendocrine responses (especially the sympathoadrenal and the sympathoneuronal systems and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) among various stressors and a strategy for testing Selye's doctrine of nonspecificity.
Abstract: Despite the fact that many research articles have been written about stress and stress-related diseases, no scientifically accepted definition of stress exists. Selye introduced and popularized stress as a medical and scientific idea. He did not deny the existence of stressor-specific response patterns; however, he emphasized that such responses did not constitute stress, only the shared nonspecific component. In this review we focus mainly on the similarities and differences between the neuroendocrine responses (especially the sympathoadrenal and the sympathoneuronal systems and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) among various stressors and a strategy for testing Selye's doctrine of nonspecificity. In our experiments, we used five different stressors: immobilization, hemorrhage, cold exposure, pain, or hypoglycemia. With the exception of immobilization stress, these stressors also differed in their intensities. Our results showed marked heterogeneity of neuroendocrine responses to various stressors and that each stressor has a neurochemical "signature." By examining changes of Fos immunoreactivity in various brain regions upon exposure to different stressors, we also attempted to map central stressor-specific neuroendocrine pathways. We believe the existence of stressor-specific pathways and circuits is a clear step forward in the study of the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders and their proper treatment. Finally, we define stress as a state of threatened homeostasis (physical or perceived treat to homeostasis). During stress, an adaptive compensatory specific response of the organism is activated to sustain homeostasis. The adaptive response reflects the activation of specific central circuits and is genetically and constitutionally programmed and constantly modulated by environmental factors.
879 citations