Associative factors underlying the pigeon's key pecking in auto-shaping procedures.
Elkan Gamzu,David R. Williams +1 more
TLDR
The occurrence of key pecking in auto-shaping can be considered to depend on associative processes similar to classical conditioning, and auto-shaped pecking can be virtually eliminated by the addition of food presentations in the intertrial interval, thus removing the association between key and food.Abstract:
Key pecking in pigeons can be engendered by associating response-independent food presentations with illumination of a key. Specific pairings of key and food are not necessary for this phenomenon. Differential positive association between key and food (defined in terms of relative densities of reinforcement), however, is necessary and sufficient to produce and maintain key pecking. Thus, the occurrence of key pecking in auto-shaping can be considered to depend on associative processes similar to classical conditioning. Consequently, auto-shaped pecking can be virtually eliminated by the addition of food presentations in the intertrial interval, thus removing the association between key and food. Initial exposure to random reinforcement, or reinforcement only in the absence of the key, results in lower rates of pecking in subsequent auto-shaping procedures.read more
Citations
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Time, rate, and conditioning.
Charles R. Gallistel,John Gibbon +1 more
TL;DR: The authors draw together and develop previous timing models for a broad range of conditioning phenomena to reveal their common conceptual foundations: first, conditioning depends on the learning of the temporal intervals between events and the reciprocals of these intervals, the rates of event occurrence.
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Impulse control in pigeons.
TL;DR: Although only a minority of the subjects learned this experimental example of psychological impulse, the fact that such learning is possible at all argues for a theory of delayed reward that can predict change of preference as a function of elapsing time.
Journal ArticleDOI
Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: The joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information.
Lauren B. Alloy,Naomi Tabachnik +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a theoretical framework for understanding and integrating people's and animals' covariation assessment, which is determined by the interaction between two sources of information: the organism's prior expectations about the covariation between two events and current situational information provided by the environment about the objective contingency between the events.
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A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification.
Journal ArticleDOI
The learning curve: Implications of a quantitative analysis
TL;DR: The negatively accelerated, gradually increasing learning curve is an artifact of group averaging in several commonly used basic learning paradigms (pigeon autoshaping, delay-and trace-eye-blink conditioning in the rabbit and rat, autoshaped hopper entry in the rat, plus maze performance and water maze performance in the mouse) The learning curves for individual subjects show an abrupt, often steplike increase from the untrained level of responding to the level seen in the well trained subject as discussed by the authors.
References
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Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck†
Paul L. Brown,Herbert M. Jenkins +1 more
TL;DR: Reliable acquisition of the pigeon's key-peck response resulted from repeated unconditional (response-independent) presentations of food after the response key was illuminated momentarily.
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Pavlovian Conditioning and Its Proper Control Procedures
TL;DR: This "truly random" control procedure leads to a new conception of Pavlovian conditioning postulating that the contingency between CS and US, rather than the pairing of CS andUS, is the important event in conditioning.
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The "supersitition" experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior.
TL;DR: The proposed theoretical scheme represents a shift away from hypothetical "laws of learning" toward an interpretation of behavioral change in terms of interaction and competition among tendencies to action according to principles evolved in phylogeny.
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Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning.
TL;DR: 2 experiments indicate that CS-US contingency is an important determinant of fear conditioning and that presentation of US in the absence of CS interferes with fear conditioning.
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Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement.
TL;DR: The results indicate that pecking can be established and maintained by certain stimulus-reinforcer relationships, independent of explicit or adventitious contingencies between response and reinforcer.