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Journal ArticleDOI

Changes in blood hormone levels during the immune response.

Hugo O. Besedovsky, +3 more
- 01 Nov 1975 - 
- Vol. 150, Iss: 2, pp 466-470
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TLDR
These findings while admittedly preliminary, suffice to provide an indication of a temporal pattern of hormonal change during the immune response which could be important in immunoregulation.
Abstract
Injection of three different antigens into rats or mice led in the course of several days to about a threefold increase in serum corticosterone levels and concommitantly to a decrease in thyroxine (rats). In view of the known immuno-suppressive effect of the glucocorticoids the possibility is considered that the endocrine changes induced during the immune response could significantly modulate the subsequent character of the immune response, e.i. magnitude, duration and lymphoid cell proliferation, however, a more complete pattern of hormonal variations and their cause needs to be established. These findings while admittedly preliminary, suffice to provide an indication of a temporal pattern of hormonal change during the immune response which could be important in immunoregulation.

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How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions.

TL;DR: This review considers recent findings regarding GC action and generates criteria for determining whether a particular GC action permits, stimulates, or suppresses an ongoing stress-response or, as an additional category, is preparative for a subsequent stressor.
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Physiological Functions of Glucocorticoids in Stress and Their Relation to Pharmacological Actions

TL;DR: It is proposed that stress-induced increases in glucocorticoid levels protect not against the source of stress itself but rather against the body's normal reactions to stress, preventing those reactions from overshooting and themselves threatening homeostasis.
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The Sympathetic Nerve—An Integrative Interface between Two Supersystems: The Brain and the Immune System

TL;DR: The activation of SNS during an immune response might be aimed to localize the inflammatory response, through induction of neutrophil accumulation and stimulation of more specific humoral immune responses, although systemically it may suppress Th1 responses, and, thus protect the organism from the detrimental effects of proinflammatory cytokines and other products of activated macrophages.
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Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones

TL;DR: The results strongly support the existence of an immunoregulatory feedback circuit in which IL-1 acts as an afferent and glucocorticoid as an efferent hormonal signal in which the pituitary-adrenal axis is stimulated.
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Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor.

TL;DR: In this report, human IL-1 is shown to activate the adrenocortical axis at the level of the brain, stimulating the release of the controlling hormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus.
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