Journal ArticleDOI
Chlorhexidine compared with other locally delivered antimicrobials. A short review.
TLDR
Based on the association of bacterial plaque with the initiation of chronic gingivitis and progression of chronic periodontitis, chemical antiplaque agents have been employed both in prevention of periodontal disease and its treatment.Abstract:
Based on the association of bacterial plaque with the initiation of chronic gingivitis and progression of chronic periodontitis, chemical antiplaque agents have been employed both in prevention of periodontal disease and its treatment. In supragingival plaque control regimens, chlorhexidine has not been superceded as a chemical anti-plaque agent, although other compounds have been shown to be useful. The local side-effects of chlorhexidine and other cationic antiseptics, however, limit their long-term use for prevention. Extrinsic tooth staining in particular remains the greatest problem. Short-term anti-plaque uses for chlorhexidine include as an adjunct to mechanical cleaning in the initial oral hygiene phase of treatment, in situations where mechanical oral hygiene is difficult, including postsurgery, intermaxillary fixation, fixed orthodontic therapy, physically and mentally handicapped individuals, systemic diseases with oral manifestations such as leukaemia. More recent interest in chlorhexidine has resulted from the delivery of compounds subgingivally in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Such methods have extended the use of chlorhexidine into areas inaccessible to the action of antimicrobial drugs delivered locally by conventional means, such as tooth brushing or mouth rinsing. Available evidence suggests that chlorhexidine may not be as effective as some antimicrobial drugs whose activity is more specific for those organisms considered particularly pathogenic to the periodontal tissues.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease.
TL;DR: It is proposed that disease can be prevented or treated not only by targeting the putative pathogens but also by interfering with the processes that drive the breakdown in homeostasis, and the rate of acid production following sugar intake could be reduced by fluoride, alternative sweeteners, and low concentrations of antimicrobial agents.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard?
TL;DR: By understanding the properties and limitations of the chlorhexidine molecule, the dental profession can ensure that the efficacy of the agent is maximized, and the side effects associated with the agent are minimized, allowing chlor hexidine to rightly remain the gold standard against which other antiplaque agents are measured.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health.
Patrice James,Helen V Worthington,Carmel Parnell,Mairead Harding,Thomas Lamont,Andrea Cheung,Helen Whelton,Philip Riley +7 more
TL;DR: Assessment of the effectiveness of chlorhexidine mouthrinse used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene procedures for the control of gingivitis and plaque in children and adults finds that further research is very unlikely to change confidence in the estimate of effect.
Journal ArticleDOI
Potential Efficacy of Chlorhexidine against Mutans Streptococci and Human Dental Caries
TL;DR: The best clinical effect resulting in a considerable caries reduction has been obtained when persons highly colonized with mutans streptococci have been treated with gels and when the results of the antimicrobial measures have been verified by microbiological examination.
Journal ArticleDOI
The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. A study of plaque growth on enamel inserts in vivo.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors concluded that chlorhexidine achieves plaque inhibition as a result of an immediate bactericidal action during the time of application and a prolonged bacteriostatic action as a consequence of adsorption to the pellicle coated enamel surface.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Black-pigmented Bacteroides species, Capnocytophaga species, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease: virulence factors in colonization, survival, and tissue destruction.
J Slots,Robert J. Genco +1 more
TL;DR: Characteristics of periodontopathic bacteria which may enable them initially to colonize the host, to survive in the periodontal pocket, and possibly to invade the gingival tissue despite potentially effective host defense systems are emphasized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Experimental gingivitis in man. II. A longitudinal clinical and bacteriological investigation.
TL;DR: It was found that mild gingivitis could be diagnosed clinically at approximately the same time as the complex flora was established and sub-clinical inflammation started much earlier, probably as a reaction to the first phases of plaque development.
Journal ArticleDOI
The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man.
Harald Löe,C R Schiott +1 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that complete inhibition of plaque and prevention of gingivitis may be achieved by daily application of chlorhexidine, provided the agent is administered in such a way that it reaches all tooth surfaces.
Journal ArticleDOI
Subgingival microflora and periodontal disease
TL;DR: The available data on oral microbial ecology suggest that the presence of dental plaque containing Gram-positive organisms may be essential for the attachment and colonization of several Gram-negative species after their initial introduction into the mouth and the periodontal pocket area.
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The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man.
Harald Löe,C R Schiott +1 more