Journal ArticleDOI
Classical Conditioning of a Complex Skeletal Response
Elkan Gamzu,David R. Williams +1 more
TLDR
The pigeon's so-called "arbitrary" response of pecking an illuminated disk can be established and maintained by procedures resembling those of classical conditioning, and is shown to be independent of the specific signaling relationships between illumination of the pecking disk and presentation of food.Abstract:
The pigeon9s so-called "arbitrary" response of pecking an illuminated disk can be established and maintained by procedures resembling those of classical conditioning. This phenomenon was shown to be independent of the specific signaling relationships between illumination of the pecking disk and presentation of food; it will appear as long as the key is differentially associated with food. When a nondifferential condition is introduced, pecking "extinguishes" even if it has previously been established and even when the new condition involves as much reinforcement as the old one. Reinstating differential conditions reestablishes pecking. The initial conditions determine the speed and apparently the asymptote of pecking rates in the differential condition; initial exposure to a nondifferential procedure retards subsequent acquisition, possibly quite permanently. These findings are discussed in the context of mechanisms of adaptive learning, not involving reward and punishment, which lead to selection of effective behaviors on a nonarbitrary basis.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Time, rate, and conditioning.
Charles R. Gallistel,John Gibbon +1 more
TL;DR: The authors draw together and develop previous timing models for a broad range of conditioning phenomena to reveal their common conceptual foundations: first, conditioning depends on the learning of the temporal intervals between events and the reciprocals of these intervals, the rates of event occurrence.
Journal ArticleDOI
How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcements
TL;DR: By suggesting that the animal learns the overlapping and nested correlations between the stimulus events that commonly occur in a given situation, and by separating what is learned from the processes of response production, the proposed perceptual-motivational framework seems capable of dealing with the problems of motor equivalence and flexibility in adaptive behavior.
Journal ArticleDOI
Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: The joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information.
Lauren B. Alloy,Naomi Tabachnik +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a theoretical framework for understanding and integrating people's and animals' covariation assessment, which is determined by the interaction between two sources of information: the organism's prior expectations about the covariation between two events and current situational information provided by the environment about the objective contingency between the events.
Journal ArticleDOI
Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues: Implications for addiction
TL;DR: Preliminary data are reviewed suggesting that individual differences in the tendency to attribute incentive salience to cues predictive of reward may confer vulnerability or resistance to compulsive behavioral disorders, including addiction.
Journal ArticleDOI
Incremental Learning from Noisy Data
TL;DR: This paper first reviews a framework for discussing machine learning systems and then describes STAGGER in that framework, which is based on a distributed concept description which is composed of a set of weighted, symbolic characterizations.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck†
Paul L. Brown,Herbert M. Jenkins +1 more
TL;DR: Reliable acquisition of the pigeon's key-peck response resulted from repeated unconditional (response-independent) presentations of food after the response key was illuminated momentarily.
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Pavlovian Conditioning and Its Proper Control Procedures
TL;DR: This "truly random" control procedure leads to a new conception of Pavlovian conditioning postulating that the contingency between CS and US, rather than the pairing of CS andUS, is the important event in conditioning.
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The misbehavior of organisms.
Keller Breland,Marian Breland +1 more
TL;DR: Breland and Breland as discussed by the authors have argued that if psychologists are to understand and predict the behavior of organisms, it is essential that they become thoroughly familiar with the instinctive behavior patterns of each new species they essay to study.
Journal ArticleDOI
Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning.
TL;DR: 2 experiments indicate that CS-US contingency is an important determinant of fear conditioning and that presentation of US in the absence of CS interferes with fear conditioning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement.
TL;DR: The results indicate that pecking can be established and maintained by certain stimulus-reinforcer relationships, independent of explicit or adventitious contingencies between response and reinforcer.