Book ChapterDOI
Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research
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In this article, the results of a multi-year research program to identify the factors associated with variations in subjective workload within and between different types of tasks are reviewed, including task-, behavior-, and subject-related correlates of subjective workload experiences.Abstract:
The results of a multi-year research program to identify the factors associated with variations in subjective workload within and between different types of tasks are reviewed. Subjective evaluations of 10 workload-related factors were obtained from 16 different experiments. The experimental tasks included simple cognitive and manual control tasks, complex laboratory and supervisory control tasks, and aircraft simulation. Task-, behavior-, and subject-related correlates of subjective workload experiences varied as a function of difficulty manipulations within experiments, different sources of workload between experiments, and individual differences in workload definition. A multi-dimensional rating scale is proposed in which information about the magnitude and sources of six workload-related factors are combined to derive a sensitive and reliable estimate of workload.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Nasa-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later:
TL;DR: The goal was to summarize the environments in which NASA-TLX has been applied, the types of activities the raters performed, other variables that were measured that did (or did not) covary, methodological issues, and lessons learned.
Journal ArticleDOI
A group-level model of safety climate: testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs.
TL;DR: In this paper, a group-level model of safety climate is proposed to supplement the available organization level model, which is related to supervisory safety practices rather than to company policies and procedures, and a new outcome measure, microaccidents, that refers to behavior-dependent on-the-job minor injuries requiring medical attention.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation:
Mica R. Endsley,Esin Kiris +1 more
TL;DR: This work studied the automation of a navigation task using an expert system and demonstrated that low SA corresponded with out-of-the-loop performance decrements in decision time following a failure of the expert system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Level of automation effects on performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task
Mica R. Endsley,David B. Kaber +1 more
TL;DR: Results suggest that, in terms of performance, human operators benefit most from automation of the implementation portion of the task, but only under normal operating conditions; in contrast, removal of the operator from task implementation is detrimental to performance recovery if the automated system fails.
Journal ArticleDOI
Error Reduction and Performance Improvement in the Emergency Department through Formal Teamwork Training: Evaluation Results of the MedTeams Project
John C. Morey,Robert Simon,Gregory D. Jay,Robert L. Wears,Mary Salisbury,Kimberly A. Dukes,Scott D Berns +6 more
TL;DR: The findings point to the effectiveness of formal teamwork training for improving team behaviors, reducing errors, and improving staff attitudes among the ETCC-trained hospitals.
References
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Book
Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences
TL;DR: This is the revision of the classic text in the field, adding two new chapters and thoroughly updating all others as discussed by the authors, and the original structure is retained, and the book continues to serve as a combined text/reference.
Book
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Amos Tversky,Daniel Kahneman +1 more
TL;DR: The authors described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: representativeness, availability of instances or scenarios, and adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available.
Journal ArticleDOI
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that people are sometimes unaware of the existence of a stimulus that influenced a response, unaware of its existence, and unaware that the stimulus has affected the response.
Journal ArticleDOI
The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that stage-durations may be additive without being stochastically independent, a result that is relevant to the formulation of mathematical models of RT.