Journal ArticleDOI
Drug versus sweet reward: greater attraction to and preference for sweet versus drug cues.
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TLDR
This study confirms that rats prefer the sweet lever because sweet water is more reinforcing and attractive than cocaine or heroin.Abstract:
Despite the unique ability of addictive drugs to directly activate brain reward circuits, recent evidence suggests that drugs induce reinforcing and incentive effects that are comparable to, or even lower than some nondrug rewards. In particular, when rats have a choice between pressing a lever associated with intravenous cocaine or heroin delivery and another lever associated with sweet water delivery, most respond on the latter. This outcome suggests that sweet water is more reinforcing and attractive than either drug. However, this outcome may also be due to the differential ability of sweet versus drug levers to elicit Pavlovian feeding-like conditioned responses that can cause involuntary lever pressing, such as pawing and biting the lever. To test this hypothesis, rats first underwent Pavlovian conditioning to associate one lever with sweet water (0.2% saccharin) and a different lever with intravenous cocaine (0.25 mg) or heroin (0.01 mg). Choice between these two levers was then assessed under two operant choice procedures: one that permitted the expression of Pavlovian-conditioned lever press responses during choice, the other not. During conditioning, Pavlovian-conditioned lever press responses were considerably higher on the sweet lever than on either drug lever, and slightly greater on the heroin lever than on the cocaine lever. Importantly, though these differences in Pavlovian-conditioned behavior predicted subsequent preference for sweet water during choice, they were not required for its expression. Overall, this study confirms that rats prefer the sweet lever because sweet water is more reinforcing and attractive than cocaine or heroin.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Blaming the Brain for Obesity: Integration of Hedonic and Homeostatic Mechanisms
TL;DR: Hedonic controls interact with homeostatic controls to regulate body weight in a flexible and adaptive manner that takes environmental conditions into account and has several important implications for the treatment of obesity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Food addiction: a valid concept?
Paul C. Fletcher,Paul J. Kenny +1 more
TL;DR: Fletcher and Kenny argue the merits of opposing positions on the concept of food addiction, which suggests that food and drug addiction share similar features that may reflect common underlying neural mechanisms.
Journal ArticleDOI
The biosynthetic pathway of the nonsugar, high-intensity sweetener mogroside V from Siraitia grosvenorii.
Maxim Itkin,Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati,Shahar Cohen,Vitaly Portnoy,Adi Doron-Faigenboim,Elad Oren,Shiri Freilich,Galil Tzuri,Nadine Baranes,Shmuel Shen,Marina Petreikov,Rotem Sertchook,Shifra Ben-Dor,Hugo E. Gottlieb,Alvaro G. Hernandez,David R. Nelson,Harry S. Paris,Yaakov Tadmor,Yosef Burger,Efraim Lewinsohn,Nurit Katzir,Arthur A. Schaffer +21 more
TL;DR: A comparison of the genomic organization and expression patterns of these Siraitia genes with the orthologs of other Cucurbitaceae implicates a strikingly coordinated expression of the pathway in the evolution of this species-specific and valuable metabolic pathway.
Journal ArticleDOI
Incubation of Methamphetamine but not Heroin Craving After Voluntary Abstinence in Male and Female Rats.
TL;DR: The results show that incubation of methamphetamine craving after voluntary abstinence generalizes to female rats, and prolonged voluntary abstinence prevented the emergence of incubating of heroin craving in both sexes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Individual Variation in the Motivational and Neurobiological Effects of an Opioid Cue
TL;DR: Data demonstrate that, similar to food and cocaine cues, a discrete opioid cue attains greater incentive motivational value in STs than GTs; the attribution of incentive motivational properties to an opioid Cue is dopamine dependent; and an opioid cue engages the so-called ‘motive circuit’ only if it is imbued with incentive salience.
References
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TL;DR: The results suggest that brain reward systems have a multidetermined neuropharmacological basis that may involve some common neuroanatomical elements.
Journal ArticleDOI
Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck†
Paul L. Brown,Herbert M. Jenkins +1 more
TL;DR: Reliable acquisition of the pigeon's key-peck response resulted from repeated unconditional (response-independent) presentations of food after the response key was illuminated momentarily.
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TL;DR: Breland and Breland as discussed by the authors have argued that if psychologists are to understand and predict the behavior of organisms, it is essential that they become thoroughly familiar with the instinctive behavior patterns of each new species they essay to study.
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How can drug addiction help us understand obesity
Nora D. Volkow,Roy A. Wise +1 more
TL;DR: To the degree that drugs and food activate common reward circuitry in the brain, drugs offer powerful tools for understanding the neural circuitry that mediates food-motivated habits and how this circuitry may be hijacked to cause appetitive behaviors to go awry.
Journal ArticleDOI
Improving your data transformations: Applying the Box-Cox transformation
TL;DR: The Box-Cox transformation (Box & Cox, 1964) as mentioned in this paper is a family of power transformations that incorporates and extends the traditional options to help researchers easily find the optimal normalizing transformation for each variable.