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Electronically-controlled late cycle air injection to achieve simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulates emissions from a diesel engine

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TLDR
In this paper, an electronically controlled air injection system implemented in three different embodiments with respect to each cylinder is presented. But the authors do not specify the parameters of the air injection systems, only that the air is supplied through an air solenoid to the air passage.
Abstract
An electronically-controlled air injection system implemented in three different embodiments with respect to each cylinder. A first embodiment includes a T-adapter, an air solenoid, a fuel injector, and a control unit. The T-adapter receives pressurized fuel and pressurized air from an air solenoid, and outputs these to the fuel injector. The air solenoid controls the flow of air to the fuel injector via the control unit. The second embodiment includes a modified fuel injector, an air solenoid, and a control unit. The fuel injector is modified by forming therein an air passage and a communicating sac, wherein the sac communicates with the fuel valve. Compressed air is supplied through an air solenoid to the air passage. The third embodiment includes a modified cylinder head, an air solenoid, and a control unit. Compressed air is supplied through an air solenoid to at least one combustion chamber cylinder port in the cylinder head.

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Engines and nanoparticles: a review

TL;DR: In this article, a new HEI study showed that some low-emission diesel engines emit much higher concentrations of nanoparticles than older designs and other low-EMission designs, which has raised questions about whether nanoparticle (number based) emission standards should be imposed.
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