Fibrotic disease and the T H 1/T H 2 paradigm
TLDR
In this article, the immunological mechanisms that initiate, sustain and suppress the fibrotic process were studied. But the mechanisms that are involved in fibrogenesis are now known to be distinct from those involved in inflammation.Abstract:
Tissue fibrosis (scarring) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Current treatments for fibrotic disorders, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis and systemic sclerosis, target the inflammatory cascade, but they have been widely unsuccessful, largely because the mechanisms that are involved in fibrogenesis are now known to be distinct from those involved in inflammation. Several experimental models have recently been developed to dissect the molecular mechanisms of wound healing and fibrosis. It is hoped that by better understanding the immunological mechanisms that initiate, sustain and suppress the fibrotic process, we will achieve the elusive goal of targeted and effective therapeutics for fibroproliferative diseases.read more
Citations
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Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets
Peter J. Murray,Thomas A. Wynn +1 more
TL;DR: The four stages of orderly inflammation mediated by macrophages are discussed: recruitment to tissues; differentiation and activation in situ; conversion to suppressive cells; and restoration of tissue homeostasis.
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis.
TL;DR: Current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis is explored and components of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (ANG II) have been identified as important regulators of fibrosis and are being investigated as potential targets of antifibrotic drugs.
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Alternative Activation of Macrophages: An Immunologic Functional Perspective
TL;DR: The cellular sources of these cytokines, receptor signaling pathways, and induced markers and gene signatures are reviewed and the concept of macrophage activation in the context of the immune response is revisit.
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Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease
TL;DR: How cell-intrinsic changes in important structural cells can perpetuate the fibrotic response by regulating the differentiation, recruitment, proliferation and activation of extracellular matrix–producing myofibroblasts is described.
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Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis
Thomas A. Wynn,Kevin M. Vannella +1 more
TL;DR: This review discusses the mechanisms that instruct macrophages to adopt pro-inflammatory, pro-wound-healing,pro-fibrotic, anti- inflammatory, anti -fib rotic, Pro-resolving, and tissue-regenerating phenotypes after injury, and highlights how some of these mechanisms and macrophage activation states could be exploited therapeutically.
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