Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia
Amit Etkin,Tor D. Wager +1 more
TLDR
A meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies of posttraumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and fear conditioning in healthy individuals provided neuroimaging evidence for common brain mechanisms in anxiety disorders and normal fear.Abstract:
Objective: The study of human anxiety disorders has benefited greatly from functional neuroimaging approaches. Individual studies, however, vary greatly in their findings. The authors searched for common and disorder-specific functional neurobiological deficits in several anxiety disorders. The authors also compared these deficits to the neural systems engaged during anticipatory anxiety in healthy subjects. Method: Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and fear conditioning in healthy individuals were compared by quantitative meta-analysis. Included studies compared negative emotional processing to baseline, neutral, or positive emotion conditions. Results: Patients with any of the three disorders consistently showed greater activity than matched comparison subjects in the amygdala and insula, structures linked to negative emotional responses. A similar pattern was observed during f...read more
Citations
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Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model
TL;DR: A triple network model of aberrant saliency mapping and cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology is proposed, emphasizing the surprising parallels that are beginning to emerge across psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
TL;DR: A wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans is examined, and it is concluded that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing.
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A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health.
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of recent neuroimaging studies on the relationship between heart rate variability and regional cerebral blood flow identified a number of regions, including the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, in which significant associations across studies were found.
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The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex
Alexander J. Shackman,Tim V. Salomons,Heleen A. Slagter,Andrew S. Fox,Jameel Winter,Richard J. Davidson +5 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that negative affect, pain and cognitive control activate an overlapping region of the dorsal cingulate — the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), which constitutes a hub where information about reinforcers can be linked to motor centres responsible for expressing affect and executing goal-directed behaviour.
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The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review
TL;DR: A meta-analytic summary of the neuroimaging literature on human emotion finds little evidence that discrete emotion categories can be consistently and specifically localized to distinct brain regions, and finds evidence that is consistent with a psychological constructionist approach to the mind.
References
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An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
Earl K. Miller,Jonathan D. Cohen +1 more
TL;DR: It is proposed that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them, which provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task.
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Emotion Circuits in the Brain
TL;DR: The field of neuroscience has, after a long period of looking the other way, again embraced emotion as an important research area, and much of the progress has come from studies of fear, and especially fear conditioning as mentioned in this paper.
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Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions.
TL;DR: The results of these studies point to the importance of the hippocampal complex for normal memory function in patients who had undergone similar, but less radical, bilateral medial temporallobe resections, and as a warning to others of the risk to memory involved in bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampusal region.
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Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis
TL;DR: The fundamental hypothesis is that dissimilarities and distances are monotonically related, and a quantitative, intuitively satisfying measure of goodness of fit is defined to this hypothesis.