Showing papers in "Trends in Cognitive Sciences in 2011"

TL;DR: A triple network model of aberrant saliency mapping and cognitive dysfunction in psychopathology is proposed, emphasizing the surprising parallels that are beginning to emerge across psychiatric and neurological disorders.

TL;DR: A wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans is examined, and it is concluded that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing.

TL;DR: It is shown that large brain regions that participate in comprehension tasks but are not modality-specific lie at convergences of multiple perceptual processing streams, which enable increasingly abstract, supramodal representations of perceptual experience that support a variety of conceptual functions including object recognition, social cognition, language, and the remarkable human capacity to remember the past and imagine the future.

TL;DR: It is proposed that this literature can be informed by an interactionist approach in which the effects of oxytocin are constrained by features of situations and/or individuals.

TL;DR: Research is reviewed that contradicts this traditional view by demonstrating that retrieval practice is actually a powerful mnemonic enhancer, often producing large gains in long-term retention relative to repeated studying.

TL;DR: Capitalizing on recent functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments, strong corroborating evidence is provided for the hypothesis that reading acquisition partially recycles a cortical territory evolved for object and face recognition, the prior properties of which influenced the form of writing systems.

TL;DR: Imaging studies show that obese subjects might have impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated with reward sensitivity, conditioning and control, and it is postulated that this could also be a mechanism by which overeating and the resultant resistance to homoeostatic signals impairs the function of circuits involved in reward sensitivity.

TL;DR: Recent neuroimaging research on self-regulatory failure is highlighted, which support a balance model of self-regulation whereby self-Regulatory failure occurs whenever the balance is tipped in favor of subcortical areas, either due to particularly strong impulses or when prefrontal function itself is impaired.

TL;DR: These basic aspects of mind wandering are considered with respect to the activity of the default network, the role of executive processes, the contributions of meta-awareness and the functionality of mind wander.

TL;DR: The goal of this review is to provide a broad-based synthesis of the most recent findings in crowding, to define what crowding is and is not, and to set the stage for future work that will extend the understanding of crowding well beyond low-level vision.

TL;DR: This work shows that the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortices compute expected value, reward outcome and experienced pleasure for different stimuli on a common value scale and implements categorical decision processes that transform value signals into a choice between the values, thereby guiding action.

TL;DR: It is argued that an oscillatory 'temporal sampling' framework enables diverse data from developmental dyslexia to be drawn into an integrated theoretical framework, offering opportunities for integrating a diverse and confusing experimental literature.

TL;DR: Findings demonstrate that ASD is etiologically heterogeneous and diverse genetic and genomic approaches provide evidence converging on disruption of key biological pathways, many of which are also implicated in other allied neurodevelopmental disorders.

TL;DR: This work defends the higher-order view against several major criticisms, such as prefrontal activity reflects attention but not awareness, and prefrontal lesion does not abolish awareness.

TL;DR: Neurophysiological results provide insight into these different memory states by revealing a more intricate organization of working memory than was previously thought.

TL;DR: This work proposes that vOT integrates visuospatial features abstracted from sensory inputs with higher level associations such as speech sounds, actions and meanings, and explains how the Interactive Account explains left vOT responses during normal reading and developmental dyslexia.

TL;DR: The neural mechanisms underlying delay discounting are discussed and how interindividual variability (trait effects) in the neural instantiation of subprocesses ofdelay discounting contributes to differences in behaviour are described.

TL;DR: It is argued that the role of testosterone in human social behavior might be best understood in terms of the search for, and maintenance of, social status.

TL;DR: This work hypothesizes a norm-psychology: a suite of psychological adaptations for inferring, encoding in memory, adhering to, enforcing and redressing violations of the shared behavioral standards of one's community and outlines how this account organizes diverse empirical findings in the cognitive sciences and related disciplines.

TL;DR: It is argued that the function of the PFC is best understood in terms of representing and actively maintaining abstract information, such as goals, which produces two types of inhibitory effects on other brain regions, which are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition and how they can be impaired or improved.

TL;DR: ES theory provides a unitary account of basic social cognition, demonstrating that people reuse their own mental states or processes represented with a bodily format in functionally attributing them to others.

TL;DR: It is established that the visual system computes accurate ensemble representations across a variety of feature domains and current research aims to determine how these representations are computed, why they are computed and where they are coded in the brain.

TL;DR: The present state of knowledge provides a foundation for the next age of implicit social cognition: clarification of the mechanisms underlying implicit measurement and how the measured constructs influence behavior.

TL;DR: Research into social learning (learning from others) has expanded significantly in recent years, not least because of productive interactions between theoretical and empirical approaches, which places social learning within a cognitive decision-making framework.

TL;DR: This framework reconciles different cortical oscillation patterns observed in recent studies and helps to understand the link between cortical oscillations and the fMRI signal, and highlights the notion that cortex oscillations index the specific circuit-level mechanisms of cognition.

TL;DR: This article argues that the mechanisms that govern artificial, laboratory search tasks do play a role in visual search in scenes, however, scene-based information is used to guide search in ways that had no place in earlier models.

TL;DR: A mechanism by which the reactivation of newly learned memories during sleep could actively underpin both schema formation and the addition of new knowledge to existing schemata is proposed.

TL;DR: Neuronal activity in posterior cingulate cortex - a key node in the default network - is known to vary with learning, memory, reward and task engagement, and it is proposed that these modulations reflect the underlying process of change detection and motivate subsequent shifts in behavior.

TL;DR: Knowing the exact nature of the dynamic structural alterations that occur as a result of environmental changes and demands is pivotal to understanding the characteristic ability of the brain to adapt.

TL;DR: This paper reviews the controversy, arguing that proponents of sparse perception are committed to a peculiar kind of generic conscious representation that has no independent rationale and an unmotivated form of unconscious representation that in some cases conflicts with what the authors know about unconscious representation.