Open AccessJournal Article
Genes and environment in refractive error : The twin eye study
TLDR
Genetic effects are of major importance in myopia/hyperopia; astigmatism appears to be dominantly inherited.Abstract:
PURPOSE. A classical twin study was performed to examine the relative importance of genes and environment in refractive error. METHODS. Refractive error was examined in 226 monozygotic (MZ) and 280 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs aged 49 to 79 years (mean age, 62.4 years). Using a Humphrey-670 automatic refractor, continuous measures of spherical equivalent, total astigmatism, and corneal astigmatism were recorded. Univariate and bivariate maximum likelihood model fitting was used to estimate genetic and environmental variance components using information from both eyes. RESULTS. For the continuous spectrum of myopia/hyperopia, a model specifying additive genetic and unique environmental factors showed the best fit to the data, yielding a heritability of 84% to 86% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81%-89%). If myopia and hyperopia (≤ -0.5 D and ≥ 0.5 D, respectively) were treated as binary traits, the heritability was 90% (95% CI, 81%-95%) for myopia and 89% (95% CI, 81%-94%) for hyperopia. For total and corneal astigmatism, modeling showed dominant genetic effects are important; dominant genetic effects accounted for 47% to 49% of the variance of total astigmatism (95% CI, 37%-55%) and 42% to 61% of corneal astigmatism variance (95% CI, 8%-71%), with additive genetic factors accounting for 1% to 4% and 4% to 18%, respectively (95% CIs, 0%-13% and 0%-60%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. Genetic effects are of major importance in myopia/hyperopia; astigmatism appears to be dominantly inherited.read more
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Lisa A. Jones,Loraine T. Sinnott,Donald O. Mutti,Gladys L. Mitchell,Melvin L. Moeschberger,Karla Zadnik +5 more
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References
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Book
Introduction to quantitative genetics
TL;DR: The genetic constitution of a population: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and changes in gene frequency: migration mutation, changes of variance, and heritability are studied.
Journal Article
Human biochemical genetics
TL;DR: For the next few weeks the course is going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach it’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery.
Book
Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families
Michael C. Neale,Lon R. Cardon +1 more
TL;DR: The LISREL Script for Rater Bias Model and Data for Simplex Model as mentioned in this paper is one of the most well-known models in the literature for gene expression analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families
TL;DR: The saimie paper suggests how susceptible individuals could reduce their total intake of aluminium and suggests that although definite proof is still lacking, there is more than enough evidence to fuel further epidemiological investigation.
Journal ArticleDOI
A twin-pronged attack on complex traits
TL;DR: The strengths and weaknesses of twin studies are discussed, and it is suggested that they can improve the efficiency of QTL detection and play an important role in unravelling developmental genetic mechanisms.