Journal ArticleDOI
Halonitromethane drinking water disinfection byproducts: chemical characterization and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity.
Michael J. Plewa,Elizabeth D. Wagner,Paulina Jazwierska,Susan D. Richardson,Paul H. Chen,A. Bruce McKague +5 more
TLDR
This research demonstrated the integration of the procedures for the analytical chemistry and analytical biology when working with limited amounts of sample and found the brominated nitromethanes were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues.Abstract:
Halonitromethanes are drinking water disinfection byproducts that have recently received a high priority for health effects research from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Our purpose was to identify and synthesize where necessary the mixed halonitromethanes and to determine the chronic cytotoxicity and the acute genotoxicity of these agents in mammalian cells. The halonitromethanes included bromonitromethane (BNM), dibromonitromethane (DBNM), tribromonitromethane (TBNM), bromochloronitromethane (BCNM), dibromochloronitromethane (DBCNM), bromodichloronitromethane (BDCNM), chloronitromethane (CNM), dichloronitromethane (DCNM), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). Low- and high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the mixed chloro-bromonitromethanes in finished drinking waters, and analytical standards that were not commercially available were synthesized (BDCNM, DBCNM, TBNM, CNM, DCNM, BCNM). The rank order of their chronic cytotoxicity (72 h exposure) to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was DBNM > DBCNM > BNM > TBNM > BDCNM > BCNM > DCNM > CNM > TCNM. The rank order to induce genomic DNA damage in CHO cells was DBNM > BDCNM > TBNM > TCNM > BNM > DBCNM > BCNM > DCNM > CNM. The brominated nitromethanes were more cytotoxic and genotoxic than their chlorinated analogues. This research demonstrated the integration of the procedures for the analytical chemistry and analytical biology when working with limited amounts of sample. The halonitromethanes are potent mammalian cell cytotoxins and genotoxins and may pose a hazard to the public health and the environment.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research.
TL;DR: The brominated DBPs were the most genotoxic of all but have not been tested for carcinogenicity and highlighted the emerging importance of dermal/inhalation exposure to the THMs, or possibly other DBPs, and the role of genotype for risk for drinking-water-associated bladder cancer.
Journal ArticleDOI
Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues
Journal ArticleDOI
Occurrence of a New Generation of Disinfection Byproducts
Stuart W. Krasner,Howard S. Weinberg,Susan D. Richardson,Salvador J. Pastor,Russell Chinn,Michael J. Sclimenti,Gretchen D. Onstad,Alfred D. Thruston +7 more
TL;DR: A survey of disinfection byproduct (DBP) occurrence in the United States was conducted at 12 drinking water treatment plants to obtain quantitative occurrence information for new DBPs (beyond those currently regulated and/or studied) for prioritizing future health effects studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of halide ions and carbonates on organic contaminant degradation by hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes in saline waters.
TL;DR: Kinetic modeling of phenol destruction demonstrated that RHS contributed significantly to phenol Destruction, mitigating the impact of HO* scavenging, and the formation of halogenated byproducts was minimal.
Journal ArticleDOI
Haloacetonitriles vs. Regulated Haloacetic Acids: Are Nitrogen-Containing DBPs More Toxic?
Mark G. Muellner,Elizabeth D. Wagner,Kristin Mccalla,Susan D. Richardson,Yin Tak Woo,Michael J. Plewa +5 more
TL;DR: Using microplate-based Chinese hamster ovary cell assays for chronic cytotoxicity and acute genotoxicity, HANs were analyzed and the rank order of declining genotoxic rank order was IAN > BAN approximately DBAN > BCAN > CAN > TCAN > DCAN.
References
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TL;DR: In this article, data were gathered on the presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and on the impact of treatment processes on DBP formation and control.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Potassium Bromate-A New Renal Carcinogen
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Journal ArticleDOI
Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analysis of drinking water disinfection by-products.
TL;DR: The microplate CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were well suited for the analysis of DBPs, especially when the quantity of test material is limited, and it was determined that the DBP genotoxic potency in CHO cells and the mutagenic potency in S. typhimurium were not related.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of New Ozone Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water
Susan D. Richardson,Alfred D. Thruston,Tashia V. Caughran,Paul H. Chen,Timothy W. Collette,Terrance L. Floyd,Kathleen M. Schenck,Benjamin W. Lykins,Guang-ri Sun,George Majetich +9 more
TL;DR: Using a combination of spectral identification techniques gas chromatography coupled with low and high-resolution electron-impact mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS), low- and high resolution chemical ionization mass spectrum analysis (GC-CI-MS) and infrared spectroscopy (GC, IR), this paper identified many drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed by ozone and combinations of ozone with chlorine and chloramine.