Handbook of Natural Colorants

TLDR: A history of Natural Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Natural Colorants: History under Tension, and regional Aspects of Availability of Plant Sources.

Abstract: List of Contributors. Series Preface. Preface. Part I Historical Aspects. 1 History of Natural Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Maria J. Melo). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Ancient Reds. 1.3 Ancient Blues. 1.4 Ancient Purple (Tyrian Purple). 1.5 Ancient Yellows. Acknowledgement. References. 2 Colours in Civilizations of the World and Natural Colorants: History under Tension (Dominique Cardon). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Triumph of Mauvein: Synthetic Fulfilment of the Antique Purplemania. 2.3 Blue: from Kingly Regional to Globally Democratic. 2.4 Red and Yellow: from Micro to Macro Scales. 2.5 What Future for Natural Colorants in the Dawning Era of Renewable Resources? Acknowledgement. References. 3 History of Natural Dyes in North Africa 'Egypt' (Harby Ezzeldeen Ahmed). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Natural Dyes in Pharaonic Textiles. 3.3 Dyeing Techniques. 3.4 Dye Sources. 3.5 Dyeing in Coptic Textiles. 3.6 Wool Dyed Fabric with Natural Dye. 3.7 Dyes in Islamic Textiles. 3.8 Mordants. References. Part II Regional Aspects of Availability of Plant Sources. 4 Dye Plants in Europe (Andrea Biertumpfel and Gunter Wurl). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Potential European Dye Plants. 4.3 Cultivation of Dye Plants Yesterday and Now. 4.4 Modern Cultivation Methods for Important European Dye Plants. 4.5 Production of Dye Extracts. 4.6 Relevant Examples for the Application. 4.7 Conclusions, Discussion and Summary. References. 5 Dyes in South America (Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Annatto. 5.3 Turmeric. 5.4 Marigold. 5.5 Cochineal and Carmine. Acknowledgements. References. 6 Natural Dyes in Eastern Asia (Vietnam and Neighbouring Countries) (Hoang Thi Linh). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Annatto (Botanical Name Bixa orellana L., Family Bixaceae). 6.3 Tea (Botanical Name Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Family Theaceae). 6.4 Umbrella Tree (Botanical Name Terminalia catappa L., Family Combretaceae). 6.5 Diospyros mollis Mackloeur (Botanical Name Diospyros mollis L. Griff, Family Ebenaceae). 6.6 Indigo (Botanical Name Indigofera L., Family Fabaceae). 6.7 Henna (kok khan, or khao youak in Laos) (Botanical Name Lawsonia spinosa L., Family Lythraceae). 6.8 Nacre (Botanical Name Khaya senegalensis, Family Meliaceae). 6.9 Sappan Wood (Botanical Name Caesalpinia sappan L., Family Fabaceae). 6.10 Sophora japonica Flowers (Botanical Name Sophora japonica L., Family Leguminosae). 6.11 Turmeric (Botanical Name Curcuma longa L., Family Zingiberaceae). 6.12 Sapodilla (Botanical Name Manilkara zapota L. or Achras zapota Family Sapotaceae). 6.13 Betel (Botanical Name Piper betle L., Family Piperaceae). 6.14 Eucalyptus (Botanical Name Eucalyptus, Family Myrtaceae). 6.15 Caesalpinia Yellow (Botanical Name Caesalpinia pulcherrima L., Family Fabaceae). 6.16 Brow-tuber (Botanical Name Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour, Family Dioscoreaceae). Part III Colorant Production and Properties. 7 Indigo Agricultural Aspects (Philip John and Luciana Gabriella Angelini). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Isatis. 7.3 Persicaria (Polygonum). 7.4 Indigofera. Acknowledgements. References. 8 Indigo Extraction (Philip John). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Methods of Determining Indigo. 8.3 Precursors in the Plants and Indigo Formation. 8.4 Extraction Procedures. 8.5 Purity of Natural Indigo. Acknowledgements. References. 9 Anthocyanins: Nature's Glamorous Palette (Maria J. Melo, Fernando Pina and Claude Andary). 9.1 Chemical Basis. 9.2 Natural Sources for Anthocyanins. 9.3 Applications. 9.4 Examples of Commercial Products and Processing. References. 10 Natural Colorants Quinoid, Naphthoquinoid and Anthraquinoid Dyes (Thomas Bechtold). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Benzoquinone Dyes. 10.3 Naphthoquinone Dyes. 10.4 Anthraquinone Dyes. 10.5 Other Sources of Anthraquinoid Dyes. References. 11 Dyes from Lichens and Mushrooms (Riikka Raisanen). 11.1 Use of Lichen and Mushroom Dyes in the Past. 11.2 Cultivation of Lichens and Mushrooms. 11.3 Dyestuffs in Lichens and Mushrooms. 11.4 Colour-fastness of Lichen and Mushroom Dyes. 11.5 New Approaches to Lichen and Fungal Natural Dyes. References. 12 Tannins and Tannin Agents (Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto and Hely Haggman). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis and Degradation. 12.3 Properties of Tannins. 12.4 Chemical Activities of Tannins. 12.5 Analysis of Tannins. 12.6 Use, Toxicology and Safety Aspects of Tannins. References. 13 Carotenoid Dyes Properties (U. Gamage Chandrika). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Properties and Functions of Carotenoids. 13.3 General Procedure for Carotenoid Analysis. 13.4 Problems in Carotenoid Analysis. References. 14 Carotenoid Dyes Production (U. Gamage Chandrika). 14.1 Factors Influencing Carotenoid Composition in Plant Sources. References. 15 Chlorophylls (Ursula Maria Lanfer Marquez and Daniela Borrmann). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Chlorophylls as Colorants. 15.3 Other Applications of Chlorophylls and their Derivatives. 15.4 Chemical Structures and Physicochemical Properties. 15.5 Stability and Analysis. 15.6 Sources, Storage and Handling. 15.7 Purity, Standardization and Quality Control. 15.8 Toxicological and Safety Aspects. References. Part IV Application in Technical Use and Consumer Products. 16 Flavonoids as Natural Pigments (M. Monica Giusti and Taylor C. Wallace). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Role of Localized Flavonoids in the Plant. 16.3 General Flavonoid Chemical Structure. 16.4 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids. 16.5 Anthocyanins as Natural Colorants. 16.6 Other Flavonoids as Natural Colorants. 16.7 Therapeutic Effects of Flavonoids in the Diet. 16.8 Regulations on the Use of Flavonoid Colorants. References. 17 Application of Natural Dyes in the Coloration of Wood (Martin Weigl, Andreas Kandelbauer, Christian Hansmann,Johannes Pockl, Ulrich Muller and Michael Grabner). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Coatings. 17.3 Dyes. 17.4 Color Modification. 17.5 Outlook. References. 18 Natural Colorants in Textile Dyeing (Rita A. M. Mussak and Thomas Bechtold). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Reasons for Natural Coloration. 18.3 Analysis of a Dyeing Process. 18.4 Basics of Natural Dyeings. 18.5 Natural Dyes on an Industrial Scale. 18.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgment. References. 19 Natural Colorants in Hair Dyeing (Thomas Bechtold). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Human Hair. 19.3 General Requirements on Hair Dyeing Concepts. 19.4 Chemical Principles of Dyestuff Binding. 19.5 Relevant Natural Dyes for Hair Dyeing. 19.6 Specialities. 19.7 Regulations. References. Part V Environmental. 20 Environmental Aspects and Sustainability (Erika Ganglberger). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Supply of Plant Material. 20.3 Processing to Dyestuff. 20.4 Application of Colouring Matter. 20.5 Considerations Concerning the Life Cycle. 20.6 Conclusion. References. 21 Economic Aspects of Natural Dyes (Susanne Geissler). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Basic Requirements for the Industrial Use of Natural Colorants. 21.3 Challenges for the Industrial Use of Natural Colorants. 21.4 Consumer Expectations. 21.5 Production Costs of Natural Colorant Products. 21.6 Closed-Loop Economy: Towards a Zero-Emission and Zero-Waste Society. 21.7 Conclusion: Aspects Influencing Market Development for Natural Colorants. References. Index.