Journal ArticleDOI
Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study
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TLDR
Despite much serotype replacement, a substantial reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease in young children can be achieved with PCV7 vaccination, with some indirect benefit in older age groups.Abstract:
Summary Background The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has reduced vaccine-type (VT) invasive pneumococcal disease but increases in non-vaccine-type (NVT) disease have varied between countries. We assess the effect of the PCV7 vaccination on VT and NVT disease in England and Wales. Methods The study cohort was the population of England and Wales from July, 2000, to June, 2010. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to compare incidences of VT and NVT disease before (2000–06) and after (2009–10) the introduction of PCV7. We used data from the national surveillance database. Cases included in our analysis were restricted to those confirmed by culture linked with isolates referred for serotyping at the national reference centre by laboratories in England and Wales. We adjusted for potential bias from missing data (serotype and age of patient) and changes in case ascertainment rates during the study period. Findings 5809 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease were reported in 2009–10, giving an incidence of 10·6 per 100 000 population in 2009–10, which, when compared with the adjusted average annual incidence of 16·1 in 2000–06, gives an overall reduction of 34% (95% CI 28–39). VT disease decreased in all age groups, with reductions of 98% in individuals younger than 2 years and 81% in those aged 65 years or older. NVT disease increased by 68% in individuals younger than 2 years and 48% in those aged 65 years or older, giving an overall reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease of 56% in those younger than 2 years and 19% in those aged 65 years or older. After vaccine introduction, more NVT serotypes increased in frequency than decreased, which is consistent with vaccine-induced replacement. Key serotypes showing replacement were 7F, 19A, and 22F. Increases in NVT invasive pneumococcal disease were not associated with antimicrobial resistance. Interpretation Despite much serotype replacement, a substantial reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease in young children can be achieved with PCV7 vaccination, with some indirect benefit in older age groups. Further reductions should be achievable by use of higher valency vaccines. Robust surveillance data are needed to properly assess the epidemiological effect of multivalent pneumococcal disease vaccines. Funding Health Protection Agency.read more
Citations
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Pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a population-based survey.
Effua Usuf,Henry Badji,Abdoulie Bojang,Sheikh Jarju,Usman N. Ikumapayi,Martin Antonio,Martin Antonio,Martin Antonio,Grant A. Mackenzie,Grant A. Mackenzie,Christian Bottomley +10 more
TL;DR: Pseudococcal colonisation before and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in eastern Gambia is evaluated.
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Risk factors for carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children.
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Characteristics of Children With Invasive Pneumococcal Disease After the Introduction of the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in England and Wales, 2010-2016.
TL;DR: A higher proportion of children with IPD have underlying comorbidity, but the risk of recurrent IPD or death remains low, and most childhood IPD cases are now due to non-PCV13 serotypes.
Effectiveness of the ten-valent pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV10) against invasive pneumococcal disease: a cluster randomised trial
Arto A. Palmu,Jukka Jokinen,Dorota Borys,Heta Nieminen,Esa Ruokokoski,Lotta Siira,Taneli Puumalainen,Patricia Lommel,Marjan Hezareh,Marta Moreira,Lode Schuerman,Terhi Kilpi +11 more
TL;DR: The Finnish Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (FinIP) vaccine trial was designed to assess the effectiveness of a pneumococcal vaccine containing ten serotype-specific polysaccharides conjugated to Haemophilus influenzae protein D, tetanus toxoid, and diphtheria toxoid as the carrier proteins as discussed by the authors.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Decline in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after the Introduction of Protein–Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine
Cynthia G. Whitney,Monica M. Farley,James L. Hadler,Lee H. Harrison,Nancy M. Bennett,Ruth Lynfield,Arthur Reingold,Paul R. Cieslak,Tamara Pilishvili,Delois Jackson,Richard R. Facklam,James H. Jorgensen,Anne Schuchat +12 more
TL;DR: The use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is preventing disease in young children, for whom the vaccine is indicated, and may be reducing the rate of disease in adults.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sustained Reductions in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Era of Conjugate Vaccine
Tamara Pilishvili,Catherine Lexau,Monica M. Farley,Monica M. Farley,James L. Hadler,Lee H. Harrison,Nancy M. Bennett,Arthur Reingold,Ann Thomas,William Schaffner,Allen S. Craig,Philip J. Smith,Bernard Beall,Cynthia G. Whitney,Matthew R. Moore +14 more
TL;DR: Dramatic reductions in IPD after PCV7 introduction in the United States remain evident 7 years later, and IPD rates caused by serotype 19A and other non-PCV7 types have increased but remain low relative to decreases in PCV 7-type IPD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination
TL;DR: The magnitude of serotype replacement in disease can be attributed, in part, to a combination of lower invasiveness of the replacing serotypes, biases in the pre-vaccine carriage data (unmasking), and bias in the disease surveillance systems that could underestimate the true amount of replacement.
Journal ArticleDOI
BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 7)
TL;DR: There have been considerable changes to the format of the recommendations since the previous version (version 7); the majority of the footnotes to the tables have been removed and the notations added to the end column; it is hoped that this change will avoid confusion in interpretation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Considerations for formulating the second-generation pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine with emphasis on the cross-reactive types within groups.
JohnB Robbins,Robert Austrian,Lee Cj,Suresh C. Rastogi,Gerald Schiffman,J. Henrichsen,P. H. Mäkelä,Claire V. Broome,Richard R. Facklam,Tiesjema Rh +9 more