Showing papers in "The Lancet in 2011"

TL;DR: Unlike other major causes of preventable death and disability, such as tobacco use, injuries, and infectious diseases, there are no exemplar populations in which the obesity epidemic has been reversed by public health measures, which increases the urgency for evidence-creating policy action, with a priority on reduction of the supply-side drivers.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated trends and their uncertainties of mean BMI for adults 20 years and older in 199 countries and territories, and used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean BMI by age, country, and year.

TL;DR: Glycaemia and diabetes are rising globally, driven both by population growth and ageing and by increasing age-specific prevalences, and effective preventive interventions are needed, and health systems should prepare to detect and manage diabetes and its sequelae.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials of radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery, 8337 of whom had pathologically confirmed node-negative (pN0) or node-positive (nN+) disease.

TL;DR: A simulation model used to project the probable health and economic consequences in the next two decades from a continued rise in obesity in two ageing populations--the USA and the UK used to find that effective policies to promote healthier weight also have economic benefits.

TL;DR: The absolute risk reductions produced by tamoxifen depend on the absolute breast cancer risks (after any chemotherapy) without tamox ifen, so all-cause mortality was substantially reduced.

TL;DR: Reduction of LDL cholesterol with simvastatin 20 mg plus ezetimibe 10 mg daily safely reduced the incidence of major atherosclerotic events in a wide range of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.

TL;DR: Novel treatment strategies have been developed that aim to inhibit excessive bone resorption and increase bone formation and the most promising novel treatments include denosumab, a monoclonal antibody for receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; odanacatib, a specific inhibitor of the osteoclast protease cathepsin K; and antibodies against the proteins sclerostin and dickkopf-1, two endogenous inhibitors of bone formation.

TL;DR: In the coming years, a better definition of osteoarthritis is expected by delineating different phenotypes of the disease, and treatment targeted more specifically at these phenotypes might lead to improved outcomes.

TL;DR: The lower rate of local vascular complications may be a reason to use the radial approach in patients with acute coronary syndromes who were undergoing coronary angiography with possible intervention.

TL;DR: The epidemiology of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries is assessed and a need to improve surveillance and infection-control practices is indicated.

TL;DR: Denosumab was better than zoledronic acid for prevention of skeletal-related events, and potentially represents a novel treatment option in men with bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer.

TL;DR: There is evidence to support rehabilitation in well coordinated multidisciplinary stroke units or through provision of early supported provision of discharge teams and promising interventions that could be beneficial to improve aspects of gait include fitness training, high-intensity therapy, and repetitive-task training.

TL;DR: If the Brazilian health system is to overcome the challenges with which it is presently faced, strengthened political support is needed so that financing can be restructured and the roles of both the public and private sector can be redefined.

TL;DR: In this article, the CAPACITY program was designed to confirm the results of a phase 2 study that suggested that pirfenidone, a novel antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory drug, reduces deterioration in lung function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

TL;DR: The health of young people has been largely neglected in global public health because this age group is perceived as healthy, however, opportunities for prevention of disease and injury in this agegroup are not fully exploited.

TL;DR: Axitinib is a treatment option for second-line therapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma and resulted in significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS) compared with sorafenib.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed recent data on the clinical course, therapeutic options, and underlying mechanisms thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

TL;DR: The efficacy and safety of the fully human monoclonal antibody belimumab (BLyS-specific inhibitor) was assessed in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus in a multicentre phase 3 study done in Latin America, Asia-Pacific, and eastern Europe.

TL;DR: Benefits of a range of volumes of physical activity in a Taiwanese population between 1996 and 2008 were applicable to all age groups and both sexes, and to those with cardiovascular disease risks.

TL;DR: Estimates of worldwide burden of disease attributable to second-hand smoke suggest that substantial health gains could be made by extending effective public health and clinical interventions to reduce passive smoking worldwide.

TL;DR: The evidence and the gaps in the published work in terms of prevalence, risk and protective factors, and interventions to prevent and treat childhood and adolescent mental health problems are reviewed.

TL;DR: The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance propose five overarching priority actions for the response to the crisis and the delivery of five priority interventions--tobacco control, salt reduction, improved diets and physical activity, reduction in hazardous alcohol intake, and essential drugs and technologies.

TL;DR: The results are consistent with, and extend, previous findings by definitively showing a significant and large reduction in hospitalisation for patients with NYHA class III heart failure who were managed with a wireless implantable haemodynamic monitoring system.

TL;DR: It is suggested that intracoronary infusion of autologous CSCs is effective in improving LV systolic function and reducing infarct size in patients with heart failure after myocardial infarction, and warrant further, larger, phase 2 studies.

TL;DR: Benefit increased with duration of treatment and was consistent across the different study populations, having implications for guidelines on use of aspirin and for understanding of carcinogenesis and its susceptibility to drug intervention.

TL;DR: The goal is to provide information to help the setting of priorities for early child development programmes and policies to benefit the world's poorest children and reduce persistent inequalities.

TL;DR: Ebola virus infections are characterised by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems, leading to multiorgan failure and shock, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock.

TL;DR: Brazil has implemented major policies for the prevention of NCDs, and its age-adjusted NCD mortality is falling by 1·8% per year, however, the unfavourable trends for most major risk factors pose an enormous challenge and call for additional and timely action and policies.

TL;DR: More IDUs have anti-HCV than HIV infection, and viral hepatitis poses a key challenge to public health, which will inform efforts to prevent and treat HCV and HBV in IDUs.