Richard Malley

TL;DR: The magnitude of serotype replacement in disease can be attributed, in part, to a combination of lower invasiveness of the replacing serotypes, biases in the pre-vaccine carriage data (unmasking), and bias in the disease surveillance systems that could underestimate the true amount of replacement.

TL;DR: The interaction of pneumolysin with TLR4 is critically involved in the innate immune response to pneumococcus and is found to stimulate tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 release in wild-type macrophages but not in macrophage from mice with a targeted deletion of the cytoplasmic TLR-adapter molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88, suggesting the involvement of the TLRs in pneumoly sin recognition.

TL;DR: Children with diabetic ketoacidosis who have low partial pressures of arterial carbon dioxide and high serum urea nitrogen concentrations at presentation and who are treated with bicarbonate are at increased risk for cerebral edema.

TL;DR: It is shown that intranasal immunization of mice with pneumococci confers CD4+ T cell–dependent, antibody- and serotype-independent protection against colonization, and that IL-17A mediates pneumococcal immunity in mice and probably in humans; its elicitation in vitro could help in the development of candidate pneumococCal vaccines.

TL;DR: It is found that immunity to pneumococcal colonization can be induced in the absence of antibody, independent of the capsular type, and this protection requires the presence of CD4(+) T cells at the time of challenge.