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Book ChapterDOI

HIV-1 Related Central Nervous System Diseases: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment – An Indian Scenario

Sudharsana Sundarrajan, +2 more
- pp 43-53
TLDR
An attempt has been made in this chapter to analyze and present various central nervous system diseases associated with HIV-1 infection, prevalent in India, grounded on various hospital-based reports covering the country.
Abstract: 
In the past several decades, various advances in medical sciences have improved the care of HIV-infected individuals globally. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ARV), the incidence of neurological opportunistic infections has been greatly reduced. However, the nonopportunistic condition like neurocognitive impairment is still prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. The studies from India conducted in late 1990s on neurological aspects of HIV have mostly concentrated on dementia or AIDS dementia complex. Over time, the neurocognitive consequences of HIV have gained the attention of Indian clinicians as they impair the quality of life, every day activities, employment, and adherence to the treatment. Despite the fact that the recent gains have increased the focus on the assessment of neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV, the data in India are meager. An attempt has been made in this chapter to analyze and present various central nervous system diseases associated with HIV-1 infection, prevalent in India, grounded on various hospital-based reports covering the country.

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients

Clayton A. Wiley, +4 more
- 01 Sep 1986 - 
TL;DR: The brains of 12 AIDS patients were studied using in situ hybridization to identify human immunodeficiency virus nucleic acid sequences and immunocytochemistry to identify viral and cellular proteins, suggesting that CNS dysfunction is due to indirect effects rather than neuronal or glial infection.
Journal ArticleDOI

Validation of the CNS Penetration-Effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system.

Scott Letendre, +12 more
- 01 Jan 2008 - 
TL;DR: Poorer penetration of ARV drugs into the CNS appears to allow continued HIV replication in the CNS as indicated by higher CSF HIV viral loads, which is probably critical in treating patients who have HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI

HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1990–1998

Ned Sacktor, +8 more
- 23 Jan 2001 - 
TL;DR: The proportion of new cases of HIV dementia with a CD4 count in a higher range since 1996 may be increasing, and the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be responsible.
Journal ArticleDOI

HIV dementia: an evolving disease.

Justin C. McArthur
- 01 Dec 2004 - 
TL;DR: This overview will review some of the outstanding questions relating to HIV-dementia, including are there differing phenotypes or temporal patterns of progression in HIV-Dementia?
Journal ArticleDOI

The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurological disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Ned Sacktor
- 01 Dec 2002 - 
TL;DR: The incidence rates of HIV-associated neurological disease and central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infections also are decreasing, and as patients develop increasing resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs and with subsequent decline in CD4 cell counts, in the near future, the incidence of HIV’s neurological disease may begin to rise.