Human respiratory uptake of chloroform and haloketones during showering.
Xu Xu,Clifford P. Weisel +1 more
TLDR
The inhalation exposure from a typical 10–15 min shower contributes significantly to the total dose for chloroform in chlorinated drinking water but only to a moderate extent for HKs, while breath concentrations of the DBPs decreased rapidly after the exposure.Abstract:
Inhalation is an important exposure route for volatile water contaminants, including disinfection by-products (DBPs). A controlled human study was conducted on six subjects to determine the respiratory uptake of haloketones (HKs) and chloroform, a reference compound, during showering. Breath and air concentrations of the DBPs were measured using gas chromatography and electron capture detector during and following the inhalation exposures. A lower percentage of the HKs (10%) is released from shower water to air than that of chloroform (56%) under the experiment conditions due to the lower volatility of the HKs. Breath concentrations of the DBPs were elevated during the inhalation exposure, while breath concentrations decreased rapidly after the exposure. Approximately 85-90% of the inhaled HKs were absorbed, whereas only 70% of the inhaled chloroform was absorbed for the experiment conditions used. The respiratory uptake of the DBPs was estimated using a linear one-compartment model coupled with a plug flow stream model for the shower system. The internal dose of chloroform normalized to its water concentration was approximately four times that of the HKs after a 30-min inhalation exposure. Approximately 0.3-0.4% of the absorbed HKs and 2-9% of the absorbed chloroform were expired through lung excretion after the 30-min exposure. The inhalation exposure from a typical 10-15 min shower contributes significantly to the total dose for chloroform in chlorinated drinking water but only to a moderate extent for HKs.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Models for predicting disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in drinking waters: a chronological review.
TL;DR: The current challenges and future research needs to better control DBP formation are identified, and important directions for future research are recommended to protect human health and to follow the best management practices.
Journal ArticleDOI
What’s in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-Products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water
Susan D. Richardson,David M. DeMarini,Manolis Kogevinas,Pilar Fernández,Esther Marco,Carolina Lourencetti,Clara Ballesté,Dick Heederik,Kees Meliefste,A. Bruce McKague,Ricard Marcos,Laia Font-Ribera,Joan O. Grimalt,Cristina M. Villanueva +13 more
TL;DR: This study identified many new DBPs not identified previously in swimming pool or drinking water and found that swimming pool waters are as mutagenic as typical drinking waters.
Book ChapterDOI
Drinking Water Disinfection By-products
TL;DR: Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) are an unintended consequence of using chemical disinfectants to kill harmful pathogens in water as mentioned in this paper, which are formed by the reaction of disinfectants with naturally occurring organic matter, bromide, and iodide, as well as from anthropogenic pollutants.
Journal ArticleDOI
Current state of the science: health effects and indoor environmental quality.
Clifford S. Mitchell,Junfeng Jim Zhang,Torben Sigsgaard,Matti Jantunen,Paul J. Lioy,Robert Samson,Meryl H. Karol +6 more
TL;DR: Advances in source characterization include a better understanding of how chemicals are transported and processed within spaces and the role that other factors such as lighting and building design may play in determining health.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genotoxic effects in swimmers exposed to disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pools.
Manolis Kogevinas,Cristina M. Villanueva,Laia Font-Ribera,Danae Liviac,Mariona Bustamante,Felicidad Espinoza,Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,Aina Espinosa,Pilar Fernández,David M. DeMarini,Joan O. Grimalt,Tamara Grummt,Ricard Marcos +12 more
TL;DR: The findings support potential genotoxic effects of exposure to DBPs from swimming pools and suggest the positive health effects gained by swimming could be increased by reducing the potential health risks of pool water.
References
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Book
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TL;DR: Linear Mixed-Effects and Nonlinear Mixed-effects (NLME) models have been studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper, where the structure of grouped data has been used for fitting LME models.
Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: In this article, data were gathered on the presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and on the impact of treatment processes on DBP formation and control.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluation of methods for estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters. I. Michaelis-menten model: Routine clinical pharmacokinetic data
Lewis B. Sheiner,Stuart L. Beal +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a data set consisting of 124 steadystate phenytoin concentration-dosage pairs from 49 patients, obtained in the routine course of their therapy, was analyzed by each method.
Journal ArticleDOI
Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues
TL;DR: A gas-phase vial equilibration technique is presented for determining the liquid: air and tissue:air partition coefficients for low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals and an approach is described for predicting the tissue solubilities of untested compounds based on oil:air and saline:air coefficients using regression analyses.