Impact of Behavioral Inhibition and Parenting Style on Internalizing and Externalizing Problems from Early Childhood through Adolescence
Lela Rankin Williams,Kathryn A. Degnan,Koraly Pérez-Edgar,Heather A. Henderson,Kenneth H. Rubin,Daniel S. Pine,Laurence Steinberg,Nathan A. Fox +7 more
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Internalizing problems at age 4 were greatest among behaviorally inhibited children who also were exposed to permissive parenting and greater authoritative parenting was associated with less of an increase in internalizing behavior problems over time and greater authoritarian parenting wasassociated with a steeper decline in externalizing problems.Abstract:
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is characterized by a pattern of extreme social reticence, risk for internalizing behavior problems, and possible protection against externalizing behavior problems. Parenting style may also contribute to these associations between BI and behavior problems (BP). A sample of 113 children was assessed for BI in the laboratory at 14 and 24 months of age, self-report of maternal parenting style at 7 years of age, and maternal report of child internalizing and externalizing BP at 4, 7, and 15 years. Internalizing problems at age 4 were greatest among behaviorally inhibited children who also were exposed to permissive parenting. Furthermore, greater authoritative parenting was associated with less of an increase in internalizing behavior problems over time and greater authoritarian parenting was associated with a steeper decline in externalizing problems. Results highlight the importance of considering child and environmental factors in longitudinal patterns of BP across childhood and adolescence.read more
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Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis.
TL;DR: The present meta-analysis integrates research from 1,435 studies on associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing symptoms in children and adolescents to predict change in Externalizing problems over time, with associations of externalizing problems with warmth, behavioral control, harsh control, psychological control, and authoritative parenting being bidirectional.
Journal ArticleDOI
Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety.
TL;DR: This review focuses on child temperament (i.e., behavioral inhibition) and the child's environment, including parenting, childcare, and peer relationships, as these factors have been linked to internalizing problems and anxiety diagnoses.
Journal ArticleDOI
The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model.
Susan H. Spence,Ronald M. Rapee +1 more
TL;DR: An update to the model of social anxiety disorder (social phobia) published by Rapee and Spence (2004) is presented, evaluating the research over the intervening 11 years and advances the original model in response to the empirical evidence.
Journal ArticleDOI
Attention biases to threat link behavioral inhibition to social withdrawal over time in very young children.
Koraly Pérez-Edgar,Bethany C. Reeb-Sutherland,Jennifer Martin McDermott,Lauren K. White,Heather A. Henderson,Kathryn A. Degnan,Amie Ashley Hane,Daniel S. Pine,Nathan A. Fox +8 more
TL;DR: Examination of the interrelations among BI, attention biases to threat, and social withdrawal already manifest in early childhood provides further support for models associating attention with socioemotional development and the later emergence of clinical anxiety.
Journal ArticleDOI
Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis.
Martin Pinquart,Rubina Kauser +1 more
TL;DR: Parents across the globe could be recommended to behave authoritatively, although authoritarian and permissive parenting is, to some extent, tolerable in a few cultural contexts.
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