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Journal ArticleDOI

Inference and missing data

Donald B. Rubin
- 01 Dec 1976 - 
- Vol. 63, Iss: 3, pp 581-592
TLDR
In this article, it was shown that ignoring the process that causes missing data when making sampling distribution inferences about the parameter of the data, θ, is generally appropriate if and only if the missing data are missing at random and the observed data are observed at random, and then such inferences are generally conditional on the observed pattern of missing data.
Abstract
Two results are presented concerning inference when data may be missing. First, ignoring the process that causes missing data when making sampling distribution inferences about the parameter of the data, θ, is generally appropriate if and only if the missing data are “missing at random” and the observed data are “observed at random,” and then such inferences are generally conditional on the observed pattern of missing data. Second, ignoring the process that causes missing data when making Bayesian inferences about θ is generally appropriate if and only if the missing data are missing at random and the parameter of the missing data is “independent” of θ. Examples and discussion indicating the implications of these results are included.

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Citations
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Latent Space Models for Dynamic Networks

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Improved double-robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models

TL;DR: A new class of double-robust estimators for the parameters of regression models with incompleteCross-sectional or longitudinal data, and of marginal structural mean models for cross-sectional data with similar efficiency properties are derived.
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Levels of Excess Infant Deaths Attributable to Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy in the United States

TL;DR: Smoking during pregnancy accounts for a sizeable number of infant deaths in the United States and highlights the need for infusion of more resources into existing smoking cessation campaigns in order to achieve higher quit rates, and substantially diminish current levels of smoking-associated infant deaths.
Book

Longitudinal Data Analysis Using Structural Equation Models

TL;DR: McArdle and Nesselroade as discussed by the authors identify five basic purposes of longitudinal structural equation modeling and present the most useful strategies and models for each purpose, and two important but underused approaches are emphasized: multiple factorial invariance over time and latent change scores.
References
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Book

Bayesian inference in statistical analysis

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of non-normality on inference about a population mean with generalizations was investigated. But the authors focused on the effect on the mean with information from more than one source.
Journal ArticleDOI

Maximum Likelihood Estimates for a Multivariate Normal Distribution when Some Observations are Missing

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give an approach to derive maximum likelihood estimates of parameters of multivariate normal distributions in cases where some observations are missing (Edgett [2] and Lord [3], [4]).
Journal ArticleDOI

Missing Observations in Multivariate Statistics I. Review of the Literature

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the literature on the problem of handling multivariate data with observations missing on some or all of the variables under study is presented, where the authors examine the ways that statisticians have devised to estimate means, variances, correlations and linear regression functions.