Liposomal amphotericin B as a treatment for human leishmaniasis
Manica Balasegaram,Koert Ritmeijer,María Angeles Lima,Sakib Burza,Gemma Ortiz Genovese,Barbara Milani,Sara Gaspani,Julien Potet,François Chappuis +8 more
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TLDR
A review of clinical studies on LAMB for VL and other forms of leishmaniasis is provided, finding it to be highly efficacious and safe in over 8000 VL patients treated by MÉdecins Sans Frontières in South Asia, and its use was feasible even at primary healthcare level.Abstract:
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Between 700,000 and 1.2 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and between 200,000 and 400,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is fatal if left untreated, occur annually worldwide. Liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB), alone or in combination with other drugs, has been extensively studied as VL treatment, but data on routine field use are limited, and several challenges to patients' access to this life-saving drug remain. Areas covered: This article provides a review of clinical studies on LAMB for VL and other forms of leishmaniasis. The current development of generic versions of LAMB and related challenges are also discussed. Expert opinion: LAMB proved to be highly efficacious and safe in over 8000 VL patients treated by MEdecins Sans Frontieres in South Asia, and its use was feasible even at primary healthcare level. Despite requiring higher doses, LAMB is the drug of choice to treat vulnerable groups (e...read more
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Aloe‐emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics
TL;DR: A comprehensive summary of the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of aloe‐emodin reported to date is provided with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action.
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Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy?
Masoud Ghorbani,Ramin Farhoudi +1 more
TL;DR: Despite the availability of different treatment approaches to treat leishmaniasis, therapeutic tools are not adequate to eradicate this infection and it is necessary that intensive research should be performed in drug and vaccine fields to achieve certain results.
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Efficacy of anti-leishmania therapy in visceral leishmaniasis among HIV infected patients: a systematic review with indirect comparison.
TL;DR: A systematic literature review with indirect comparison of studies evaluating therapeutic efficacy and toxicity associated to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) therapy among HIV infected individuals suggests that amphotericin is superior to antimony treatment.
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Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis: present challenges
TL;DR: It is clear that efforts for discovering new drugs applicable to leishmaniasis chemotherapy are essential, and the main aspects on the various steps of drug discovery in the field are discussed.
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Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis : Differential diagnosis, diagnosis, histopathology, and management
TL;DR: The diagnosis of leishmaniasis can be challenging because it mimics both infectious and malignant conditions as discussed by the authors, and a misdiagnosis may lead to an unfavorable outcome, and appropriate management requires an accurate diagnosis, which often includes identification of the specific etiologic species.
References
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Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence
Jorge Alvar,Iván D. Vélez,Iván D. Vélez,Caryn Bern,Mercè Herrero,Philippe Desjeux,Jorge Cano,Jean Jannin,Margriet den Boer +8 more
TL;DR: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts.
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Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis.
TL;DR: Despite several disadvantages, amphotericin B is the only drug available for use in these areas and should be used as first‐line drug instead of Sbv, and the new oral antileishmanial drug miltefosine is likely to be the first-line drug in future.