Journal ArticleDOI
Low Lethal Temperature for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae)
TLDR
The northerly spread and establishment of A. tsugae may be impeded or perhaps prevented by the cold climate of northern New England, however, these studies are laboratory based and may not completely reflect what occurs in nature and adelgids along the leading edge of the infestation may develop an ability to tolerate colder temperatures in the future.Abstract:
The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is not currently found in the U.S. Department of Agriculture plant coldhardiness zones colder than 5a in New England. Cold winter temperatures may be a factor limiting the northern expansion of this pest. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the low lethal temperature of A. tsugae collected in January, February, and March 1997 from Holyoke, MA, located in plant coldhardiness zone 5a. Adelgids were exposed to temperatures of −20, −25, −30, −35, and −40°C for 2, 4, and 8 h. To correct for experimental mortality, comparisons in survival were made with untreated controls held at 0°C. For samples collected in January and February, a gradual decline in survival occurred as temperatures decreased. In March, differences in adelgid survival were not significant below −20°C. In this month, the percentage of live adelgids after cold treatment was ≤11% for −20°C and <2% for −25 and −30°C. In all months, no adelgids survived after exposure to −35 or −40°C. The minimum low temperature range for plant coldhardiness zone 4b, the next coldest zone north of the Mt. Tom infestation, is −28.9 to −31.6°C and further north in zone 4a it is −31.7 to −34.4°C. Therefore, the northerly spread and establishment of A. tsugae may be impeded or perhaps prevented by the cold climate of northern New England. However, our studies are laboratory based and may not completely reflect what occurs in nature and adelgids along the leading edge of the infestation may develop an ability to tolerate colder temperatures in the future.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Responses of insect pests, pathogens, and invasive plant species to climate change in the forests of northeastern North America: What can
Jeffrey S. Dukes,Jennifer PontiusJ. Pontius,David OrwigD. Orwig,Jeffrey R. Garnas,Vikki L. Rodgers,Nicholas BrazeeN. Brazee,Barry CookeB. Cooke,Kathleen A. Theoharides,Erik E. StangeE.E. Stange,Robin HarringtonR. Harrington,Joan EhrenfeldJ. Ehrenfeld,Jessica Gurevitch,Manuel LerdauM. Lerdau,Kristina StinsonK. Stinson,Robert WickR. Wick,Matthew AyresM. Ayres +15 more
TL;DR: How basic ecological principles can be used to predict nuisance species' responses to climate change and how this is likely to impact northeastern forests is reviewed.
Book
The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity in the United States
TL;DR: In this paper, a regional assessment of climate change and its potential impacts on transportation systems addresses these questions for the region of the central Gulf Coast between Galveston, Texas and Mobile, Alabama.
Journal ArticleDOI
Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used aerial photographs and extensive field study to map and develop GIS overlays of 1000 hemlock stands in a 4900km 2 study region extending from Long Island Sound northward to the Massachusetts border and including the Connecticut River Valley in Connecticut, USA.
Journal ArticleDOI
Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed current understanding of climatic effects on the abundance of forest insects and diseases in North America, and of the ecological and socioeconomic impacts of biotic disturbances.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of winter temperature and climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in eastern North America
TL;DR: It is shown how, in the future, rising winter temperatures due to climate change are likely to remove the conditions currently limiting adelgid spread, and facilitate the northward expansion as more suitable habitat becomes available.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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B. S. Everitt,Joseph L. Fleiss +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA.
David A. Orwig,David R. Foster +1 more
TL;DR: Dramatic reductions in T. canadensis across broad geographical areas appear imminent if HWA dispersal continues unimpeded and no effective natural enemies of HWA are found.
Journal ArticleDOI
A rapid cold-hardening process in insects
TL;DR: An extremely rapid cold-hardening response was observed in nonoverwintering stages that confers protection against injury due to cold shock at temperatures above the supercooling point.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modes of seasonal adaptation in the insects. I. Winter survival
TL;DR: It is suggested that winter survival of a group depends on latitude (or its climatic equivalent), habitat, habitat, and evolutionary history, and the cold-hardiness of a taxon depends partly on climatic history during its evolution.
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