The ultimate goal for developing enzymes for the food industry is to ensure their efficacy and safety for the production of foods and beverages. The previous chapters dealt with the nature of enzymes and their kinetic properties. This was followed by a discussion of their production by fermentation and genetic engineering as well as their recovery and purification. Stabilization and immobilization are important for enhancing the performance of many of these enzymes as well as their recovery for reuse. While enzymatic reactions are generally conducted in an aqueous environment there are distinct advantages for carrying out biocatalysis of enzymes in non-conventional media. Irrespective of the successful development of enzymes their use must prove to be safe and free of hazards. This chapter highlights a multitude of reactions in which enzymes play a key role for the production of a variety of different foods and beverages.

Microbially Derived Pectinases: A Review

Selected industrial enzymes

Microbial Factory; Utilization of Pectin-Rich Agro-Industrial Wastes for the Production of Pectinases Enzymes Through Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

The author of this article and colleagues earlier reported the role played by rhizosphere bacterial antagonists, Bacillus subtilis PFMRI and Paenibacillus macerans PF9, as bioprotectant and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRB). Since the strains were isolated from the rhizosphere, a diverse and complex environment, it was hypothesized that the strains that are able to survive in such competitive environment could be of potential source of multiple hydrolytic enzymes with ability to biodegrade macromolecules as well. Accordingly, a number of hydrolytic enzymes of the two strains were extracted using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), pectin, starch and birchwood xylan as substrates and comparatively analysed for their respective catalytic activities and enzyme kinetics. Consequently, a number of hydrolytic enzymes, namely, cellulase, pectinase, xylanase and amylase, with important physiochemical properties were extracted from B. subtilis PFMRI and P. macerans PF9. Accordingly, the optimal pH and temperature of enzymes from the former strain were found to vary from 5.0 to 9.0 and 50oC to 65oC, while for the ones from the latter, strain varied from 5.5 to 9.0 and 40oC to 55oC, respectively, whereas the maximum velocity (Vmax), the amount substrate needed to reach half Vmax (Km) and the time needed to reach half Vmax under optimal condition (Km t) for enzymes from the former strain varied from 1128.64 to 13241.86 μmol.min−1.L−1, 1.81 to 205.1 mM and 0.19 to 8.04 min, while for the ones from the latter strain, values varied from 3565.10 to 15366.68 μmol.min−1.L−1, 6.1 to 114.6 mM and 1.54 to 2.86 min, respectively. The present study is the first of its kind in reporting the bioprospecting of multiple hydrolytic enzymes from bacterial antagonists for biodegradation of macromolecules. Accordingly, a number of hydrolytic enzymes stable at elevated temperatures and pH extremes as well as with higher catalytic dynamics and substrate affinity were identified. Besides, it is anticipated that the new parameter, Km t, would help us know the time limit of an enzymatic reaction and manipulate the reaction as needed. Thus, such enzymes would be of potential role in the white industry. Yet, further study should be conducted to reverse engineer and work on heterologous expression of such enzymes so as to manipulate them for improved physiochemical as well as kinetic traits.

Bioprospecting of Multiple Hydrolytic Enzymes from Antagonistic Bacillus spp. for Biodegradation of Macromolecules

Sustainable economic development is one of the primary requirements of each economy. In order to keep our environment clean and to eliminate greenhouse gases, alternative sources of energy, such as biofuel, are needed. Biofuel provides energy security, it builds economic growth, and reduces the effect of CO2 which impacts negatively on our environment. Lignocellulosic biomass has proven to be a potential feedstock for the production of biofuels as it is feasible and the most abundant biopolymer available on Earth. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has ample ability to produce biofuel while also reducing CO2 emissions. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the process used for the alteration of LCB into substances for the production of the biofuels. LCB is mainly made up of lignin, the polysaccharides, cellulose and hemicelluloses, and pectin. Pectin functions like the matrix on which the cellulose and hemicelluloses are embedded. For complete degradation of lignocellulosic biomass pectin removal is required, which can be achieved by the action of pectinase. Microbial pectinases can be regarded as an eco-friendly approach to cellulosic degradation. Also, use of pectinases reduces the glutinousness of feed and increases its absorption ability, while also releasing nutrients by the action of enzymes which reduces the amount of feces. This chapter discusses the applications of pectinase in various industries, its production, classification, and the future prospects of pectinase enzyme.

Pectinases: significance in the digestion of pectin-rich agrowaste

Pectin considers one of the most plentiful natural components having many applications. It is widely distributed in the middle lamella and cell walls of the terrestrial plant in various concentrations. Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide that involved galacturonic acid and methanol as the main components. Pectin is degraded by the pectinase enzyme, producing several compounds that have industrial applications. This Enzyme is produced by several organisms such as plants, protozoa, nematodes, insects, and microorganisms. However, the microbial source is the most common in commercial production due to its massive applications in various industries. Consequently, this chapter will show the importance of microorganisms to degrade pectin, the different types of microorganisms that can degrade pectin, and their applications. 

The Microbial Degradation for Pectin

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/vol2-issue2/A0220105.pdf

Microbially Derived Pectinases: A Review

Citations

Selected industrial enzymes

Microbial Factory; Utilization of Pectin-Rich Agro-Industrial Wastes for the Production of Pectinases Enzymes Through Solid State Fermentation (SSF)

Bioprospecting of Multiple Hydrolytic Enzymes from Antagonistic Bacillus spp. for Biodegradation of Macromolecules

Pectinases: significance in the digestion of pectin-rich agrowaste

The Microbial Degradation for Pectin

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