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Journal ArticleDOI

Moral Hazard in Teams

Bengt Holmstrom
- 01 Jan 1982 - 
- Vol. 13, Iss: 2, pp 324-340
TLDR
In this article, the authors study moral hazard with many agents and focus on two features that are novel in a multiagent setting: free riding and competition, and show that competition among agents (due to relative evaluations) has merit solely as a device to extract information optimally.
Abstract
This article studies moral hazard with many agents. The focus is on two features that are novel in a multiagent setting: free riding and competition. The free-rider problem implies a new role for the principal: administering incentive schemes that do not balance the budget. This new role is essential for controlling incentives and suggests that firms in which ownership and labor are partly separated will have an advantage over partnerships in which output is distributed among agents. A new characterization of informative (hence valuable) monitoring is derived and applied to analyze the value of relative performance evaluation. It is shown that competition among agents (due to relative evaluations) has merit solely as a device to extract information optimally. Competition per se is worthless. The role of aggregate measures in relative performance evaluation is also explored, and the implications for investment rules are discussed.

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Citations
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Pay Equality and Industrial Politics

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that when workers' rewards are based on relative comparisons, salary compression reduces uncooperative behavior that is detrimental to the firm, and that within the relevant groups, some wage compression is efficient.
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Information Reliability and a Theory of Financial Intermediation

TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of when it will be beneficial for agents engaged in the production of information to form coalitions is presented, cast in a financial market framework, thus leading to an identification of conditions sufficient for the existence of financial intermediaries.
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Enterprise Restructuring in Transition: A Quantitative Survey

TL;DR: The authors survey the empirical literature analyzing the process of enterprise restructuring in transition economies and provide new insights into the relative effectiveness of different reform policies, and into how this effectiveness varies across regions.
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An Analysis of the Use of Accounting and Market Measures of Performance in Executive Compensation Contracts

TL;DR: This article provided useful insights into the structure of compensation plans and their incentive effects, however, one important limitation of these studies is the virtual absence of any cross-sectional analyses of the attributes of compensation contracts.
Journal ArticleDOI

The use of equity grants to manage optimal equity incentive levels

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors predict that firms use annual grants of options and restricted stock to CEOs to manage the optimal level of equity incentives, and use the residuals from this model to measure deviations between CEOs’ holdings of equity incentive and optimal levels.
References
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Posted Content

Production, information costs, and economic organization

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles, but full text can be found on the Internet Archive.
Journal ArticleDOI

Moral Hazard and Observability

TL;DR: In this article, the role of imperfect information in a principal-agent relationship subject to moral hazard is considered, and a necessary and sufficient condition for imperfect information to improve on contracts based on the payoff alone is derived.
Posted Content

The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal's Problem.

TL;DR: The canonical agency problem can be posed as follows as discussed by the authors : the agent may choose an act, aCA, a feasible action space, and the random payoff from this act, w(a, 0), will depend on the random state of nature O(EQ the state space set), unknown to the agent when a is chosen.
Journal ArticleDOI

Reexamination of the perfectness concept for equilibrium points in extensive games

TL;DR: The concept of perfect equilibrium point has been introduced in order to exclude the possibility that disequilibrium behavior is prescribed on unreached subgames [Selten 1965 and 1973]. Unfortunately this definition of perfectness does not remove all difficulties which may arise with respect to unreached parts of the game.
Journal ArticleDOI

Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications

TL;DR: In this article, a notion of "favorableness" of news is introduced, characterized, and applied to four simple models: the arrival of good news about a firm's prospects always causes its share price to rise, more favorable evidence about an agent's effort leads the principal to pay a larger bonus, buyers expect that any product information withheld by a salesman is unfavorable to his product, and bidders figure that low bids by their competitors signal a low value for the object being sold.
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