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Journal ArticleDOI

Moral Hazard in Teams

Bengt Holmstrom
- 01 Jan 1982 - 
- Vol. 13, Iss: 2, pp 324-340
TLDR
In this article, the authors study moral hazard with many agents and focus on two features that are novel in a multiagent setting: free riding and competition, and show that competition among agents (due to relative evaluations) has merit solely as a device to extract information optimally.
Abstract
This article studies moral hazard with many agents. The focus is on two features that are novel in a multiagent setting: free riding and competition. The free-rider problem implies a new role for the principal: administering incentive schemes that do not balance the budget. This new role is essential for controlling incentives and suggests that firms in which ownership and labor are partly separated will have an advantage over partnerships in which output is distributed among agents. A new characterization of informative (hence valuable) monitoring is derived and applied to analyze the value of relative performance evaluation. It is shown that competition among agents (due to relative evaluations) has merit solely as a device to extract information optimally. Competition per se is worthless. The role of aggregate measures in relative performance evaluation is also explored, and the implications for investment rules are discussed.

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Citations
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Mechanisms for making crowds truthful

TL;DR: The correlation between the true knowledge of an agent and her beliefs regarding the likelihoods of reports of other agents can be exploited to make honest reporting a Nash equilibrium.
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The Mirrlees Approach to Mechanism Design with Renegotiation (with Applications to Hold‐up and Risk Sharing)

TL;DR: In this paper, a first-order approach to characterizing the set of implementable utility mappings in this problem was developed, paralleling Mirrlees's (1971) firstorder analysis of standard mechanism design problems.
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A Proposal for Research on Conservatism

TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose explanations for conservatism in accounting and empirical tests of those explanations are presented, and testable predictions for cross- sectional variation in conservatism are generated.
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Ambient taxes when polluters have multiple choices

TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal design and budget balancing properties of ambient tax-subsidy schemes under more realistic assumptions about the dimensions of firms' choice sets than prior research are examined.
References
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Posted Content

Production, information costs, and economic organization

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles, but full text can be found on the Internet Archive.
Journal ArticleDOI

Moral Hazard and Observability

TL;DR: In this article, the role of imperfect information in a principal-agent relationship subject to moral hazard is considered, and a necessary and sufficient condition for imperfect information to improve on contracts based on the payoff alone is derived.
Posted Content

The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal's Problem.

TL;DR: The canonical agency problem can be posed as follows as discussed by the authors : the agent may choose an act, aCA, a feasible action space, and the random payoff from this act, w(a, 0), will depend on the random state of nature O(EQ the state space set), unknown to the agent when a is chosen.
Journal ArticleDOI

Reexamination of the perfectness concept for equilibrium points in extensive games

TL;DR: The concept of perfect equilibrium point has been introduced in order to exclude the possibility that disequilibrium behavior is prescribed on unreached subgames [Selten 1965 and 1973]. Unfortunately this definition of perfectness does not remove all difficulties which may arise with respect to unreached parts of the game.
Journal ArticleDOI

Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications

TL;DR: In this article, a notion of "favorableness" of news is introduced, characterized, and applied to four simple models: the arrival of good news about a firm's prospects always causes its share price to rise, more favorable evidence about an agent's effort leads the principal to pay a larger bonus, buyers expect that any product information withheld by a salesman is unfavorable to his product, and bidders figure that low bids by their competitors signal a low value for the object being sold.
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