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Journal ArticleDOI

Morphological and genetic analyses suggest that southern African crown crabs, Hymenosoma orbiculare , represent five distinct species

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TLDR
It is proposed that South African crown crabs in fact represent five distinct species: the true H. orbiculare, the form previously described as H. geometricum (to be re-established as a valid species), and three new species that remain to be formally described.
Abstract
The crown crab, Hymenosoma orbiculare, occurs all along the coast of southern Africa and displays great morphological variation across this range. To determine whether the species comprises several distinct taxonomic units, H. orbiculare were collected from 18 estuaries and lagoons between Walvis Bay in Namibia and Kosi Bay in north-eastern South Africa. Open ocean individuals were also obtained from False Bay in south-western South Africa. Morphological and genetic (using mitochondrial DNA) comparisons were carried out between individuals from all locations. Five monophyletic clusters were identified on the basis of genetic data, each confined to specific portions of the distribution range. Morphological data supported the distinctness of each of these clusters. The typical H. orbiculare, characterized by large size (maximum carapace width 28 mm) and absence of the characteristic ornamentations of other morphotypes, occurred in estuaries and lagoons all along the west and south coasts. False Bay deep-water individuals were of two forms. The first small, granulose, and setose morph appears to represent the previously synonymized species, H. geometricum, and is distinguished by a long rostrum, a raised setaceous gastric region on the carapace, and post-branchial projections. The second False Bay form represents a new, undescribed species, identified primarily by genetic characters. Estuarine forms from the southeast and east coast formed two more clusters, distinguished by their small size (carapace width <10 mm), relatively large eyes, long walking legs, projections on the abdomen, and small anterior spikes on the coxae of the legs. Specimens from south-eastern sites differed from more northern samples by their longer second walking legs and darker colour. We propose that South African crown crabs in fact represent five distinct species: the true H. orbiculare, the form previously described as H. geometricum (to be re-established as a valid species), and three new species that remain to be formally described. Die Kronenkrabbe, Hymenosoma orbiculare, kommt uberall entlang der Kuste des sudlichen Afrikas vor und zeichnet sich in diesem Verbreitungsgebiet durch betrachtliche morphologische Variation aus. Um festzustellen, ob es sich bei der Art um verschiedene taxonomische Einheiten handeln konnte, wurden Proben von H. orbiculare in 18 Flussmundungen und Lagunen zwischen Walvis Bay in Namibia und Kosi Bay im nordostlichen Sudafrika gesammelt sowie in tieferem Wasser der False Bay im Sudwesten von Sudafrika. Die Tiere der verschiedenen Fundstellen wurden sowohl morphologisch als auch genetisch (mitochondriale DNS) miteinander verglichen. Mit Hilfe der genetischen Analyse konnten funf monophyletische Einheiten identifiziert werden, jede davon beschrankt auf einen bestimmten Bereich des Verbreitungsgebietes der Art. Dieses Resultat wird durch morphologische Unterschiede unterstutzt. Die eigentliche H. orbiculare wurde in Flussmundungen und Lagunen der West- und Sudkuste gefunden. Sie lasst sich von anderen Morphotypen durch Grosse (maximale Carapaxweite 28 mm) und Fehlen einiger fur andere Morphotypen typischer Ornamentierungen unterscheiden. Zwei Morphotypen wurden in tieferem Wasser der False Bay gefunden. Der erste davon ist kleiner, granuloser und beborsteter und scheint die fruher einmal synonymisierte Art H. geometricum zu reprasentieren. Diese unterscheidet sich von anderen Kronenkrabben der False Bay durch ein langeres Rostrum, eine beborstete Vorwolbung der gastrischen Region des Carapax und post-branchiale Vorsprunge. Der zweite Morphotyp aus der False Bay stellt eine neue, noch unbeschriebene Art dar, deren Eigenstandigkeit hauptsachlich auf genetischen Daten beruht. Die in den Flussmundungen der Sudost- und Ostkuste vorkommenden Kronenkrabben reprasentieren zwei weitere Morphotypen, die sich durch ihre geringe Korpergrosse (Carapaxweite <10 mm), die relative Grosse der Augen, die Lange der Schreitbeine, durch Vorsprunge auf dem Pleon und kleine anteriore Dornen auf den Coxae der Beine auszeichnen. Individuen der Sudostkuste unterscheiden sich von weiter nordlich vorkommenden Krabben durch ihr langeres zweites Beinpaar und ihre dunklere Farbung. Wir sind der Meinung, dass es sich bei den sudafrikanischen Kronenkrabben um funf eigenstandige Arten handelt: die eigentliche Art H. orbiculare, die Art, die vormalig als H. geometricum beschrieben wurde (und als eigene Art wieder etabliert werden sollte), sowie drei weitere Arten, die noch beschrieben werden mussen.

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