Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. 1. Rates and importance1
TLDR
Nitrogen fixation appears important in making up deficits in nitrogen availability relative to phosphorus availability in many lakes, contributing to the phosphorus-limited status of these systems.Abstract:
Nitrogen fixation is mediated by a variety of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria. Cyanobacteria appear responsible for most planktonic fixation in aquatic ecosystems, and rates of fixation are high only when thcsc organisms make up a major percentage of the planktonic biomass, Planktonic nitrogen fixation tends to be low in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes (generally 20% of the nitrogen input to the Asko region of the Baltic Sea and 17% of the nitrogen input to the PeelHarvey estuary in Australia. Fixation in sediments of estuaries and eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes usually constitutes a small percentage of the nitrogen inputs to these systems. However, benthic fixation appears to be a major source of nitrogen for many oligotrophic tropical lagoons and for some oligotrophic lakes, even though fixation rates are moderate because other nitrogen inputs tend to be low. Nitrogen fixation probably is a fairly minor input of nitrogen to marine wetlands, which are generally open to other inputs, but contributes roughly half the total nitrogen input to some freshwater wetlands (bogs, cypress domes), where other inputs are more limited. Nitrogen fixation appears important in making up deficits in nitrogen availability relative to phosphorus availability in many lakes, contributing to the phosphorus-limited status of these systems. That many estuaries and coastal seas are nitrogen limited is due in part to the generally low rates of nitrogen fixation found in these systems.read more
Citations
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Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur?
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine both how the biogeochemistry of the nitrogen cycle could cause limitation to develop, and how nitrogen limitation could persist as a consequence of processes that prevent or reduce nitrogen fixation.
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The Nitrogen Cascade
James N. Galloway,John D. Aber,Jan Willem Erisman,Sybil P. Seitzinger,Robert W. Howarth,Ellis B. Cowling,B. Jack Cosby +6 more
TL;DR: The only way to eliminate Nr accumulation and stop the cascade is to convert Nr back to nonreactive N2, which leads to lag times in the continuation of the cascade.
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Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus
J. Heisler,Patricia M. Glibert,JoAnn M. Burkholder,Donald M. Anderson,William P. Cochlan,William C. Dennison,Quay Dortch,Christopher J. Gobler,Cynthia A. Heil,E. Humphries,Alan J. Lewitus,Alan J. Lewitus,Robert E. Magnien,Harold G. Marshall,Kevin G. Sellner,Dean A. Stockwell,Diane K. Stoecker,M. Suddleson +17 more
TL;DR: In January 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a "roundtable discussion" to develop a consensus on the relationship between eutrophication and harmful algal blooms, specifically targeting those relationships for which management actions may be appropriate.
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Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance
TL;DR: Denitrification occurs in essentially all river, lake, and coastal marine ecosystems that have been studied as discussed by the authors, and the major source of nitrate for denitrification in most river and lake sediments underlying an aerobic water column is nitrate produced in the sediments, not nitrate diffusing into the overlying water.
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Climate change: links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria.
Hans W. Paerl,Valerie J. Paul +1 more
TL;DR: Overall, stricter nutrient management will likely be the most feasible and practical approach to long-term CyanoHAB control in a warmer, stormier and more extreme world.
References
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Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Eutrophication in the Coastal Marine Environment
TL;DR: Removal of phosphate from detergents is not likely to slow the eutrophication of coastal marine waters, and its replacement with nitrogen-containing nitrilotriacetic acid may worsen the situation.
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Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton.
TL;DR: An analysis of growing season data from 17 lakes throughout the world suggests that the relative proportion of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) in the epilimnetic phytoplankton is dependent on the epILimnetic ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus.
In situ studies on n2 fixation using the acetylene
TL;DR: Data obtained in experiments designed to test the feasibility of employing a simple method for measuring acetylene reduction as an index of N2 fixation in the field illustrate that the method is practical and extremely sensitive.