Journal ArticleDOI
Non-medical use of prescription stimulants and illicit use of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in pupils and students in Germany.
TLDR
The illicit use of stimulants for cognitive enhancement is significantly higher than non-medical use of prescription stimulants among pupils and students in Germany.Abstract:
Introduction The aim of this study was to assess for the first time the prevalence and factors associated with stimulant use exclusively for cognitive enhancement among pupils and university students in Germany. Methods A sample of 1 035 pupils (vocational and grammar schools) in small and big cities and 512 university students of 3 Departments (Medicine, Pharmacy, Economics) completed a questionnaire regarding knowledge and use of stimulants for cognitive enhancement and factors associated with their use. Results Lifetime prevalence for use of prescription stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines) for cognitive enhancement in pupils was 1.55% and in students 0.78%. Last-year and last-month prevalence rates were significantly lower. 2.42% of pupils and 2.93% of students reported lifetime illicit use of stimulants (amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy) for cognitive enhancement with lower last-year and last-month rates. Prevalence was higher in male pupils, pupils from vocational schools and pupils with bad marks. Discussion The illicit use of stimulants for cognitive enhancement is significantly higher than non-medical use of prescription stimulants among pupils and students. Stimulant use is determined by gender, school type, and school marks. The potential risks associated with stimulant use require early awareness and intervention strategies.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Update on recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
Blanca Bolea-Alamanac,David J. Nutt,Marios Adamou,P. Asherson,Stephen Bazire,David Coghill,David J. Heal,Ulrich Müller,John Nash,Paramalah Santosh,Kapil Sayal,Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke,Susan Young +12 more
TL;DR: The present guidelines summarise current literature, generating expert consensus recommendations for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults, and provide a review of recent research in the fields of neuroimaging, neuropsychology and genetics of ADHD.
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Misuse of Medicines in the European Union: A Systematic Review of the Literature
TL;DR: Regional trends in medicine misuse indicate heterogeneity across the EU with respect to misused medicine types and research activities and factors contributing to medicine misuse are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Smart Drugs “As Common As Coffee”: Media Hype about Neuroenhancement
TL;DR: An empirical study of media reporting of media portrayals of the prevalence of neuroenhancement to explore the types of evidence used by the media to support claims about its prevalence and urges journalists and researchers to be cautious in their portrayal of the non-medical use of drugs for neuroenhancesment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Randomized response estimates for the 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use in university students.
TL;DR: To estimate the 12‐month prevalence of cognitive‐enhancing drug use, a large number of patients with a history of abuse or use of cognitive-enhancing drugs were surveyed over a 12-month period in order to establish a baseline for this study.
Journal ArticleDOI
To Dope or Not to Dope: Neuroenhancement with Prescription Drugs and Drugs of Abuse among Swiss University Students
TL;DR: A significant proportion of Swiss university students across most academic disciplines reported neuroenhancement with prescription drugs and drugs of abuse, however, these substances are rarely used on a daily basis and more sporadically used prior to exams.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: prevalence and correlates from a national survey
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that non-medical use of prescription stimulants is more prevalent among particular subgroups of US college students and types of colleges and intervention efforts are needed to curb this form of drug use.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy
Henry T. Greely,Barbara J. Sahakian,John Harris,Ronald C. Kessler,Michael S. Gazzaniga,Philip Campbell,Martha J. Farah +6 more
TL;DR: Society must respond to the growing demand for cognitive enhancement by rejecting the idea that 'enhancement' is a dirty word, argue Henry Greely and colleagues.
Journal ArticleDOI
Misuse and Diversion of Stimulants Prescribed for ADHD: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
Timothy E. Wilens,Lenard A. Adler,Jill U Adams,Stephanie Sgambati,John Rotrosen,Robert Sawtelle,Linsey M. Utzinger,Steven Fusillo +7 more
TL;DR: The literature suggests that individuals both with and without ADHD misuse stimulant medications and the need to carefully monitor high-risk individuals for the use of nonprescribed stimulants and educate individuals with ADHD as to the pitfalls of the misuse and diversion of the stimulants.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurocognitive enhancement: what can we do and what should we do?
Martha J. Farah,Judy Illes,Robert Cook-Deegan,Howard Gardner,Eric R. Kandel,Patricia A. King,Eric Parens,Barbara J. Sahakian,Paul Root Wolpe +8 more
TL;DR: The goal is to review the state of the art in neurocognitive enhancement, its attendant social and ethical problems, and the ways in which society can address these problems.
Journal ArticleDOI
Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration.
Christian J. Teter,Christian J. Teter,Sean Esteban McCabe,Kristy LaGrange,James A. Cranford,Carol J. Boyd +5 more
TL;DR: The illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students is explored and the understanding of reasons (motives) and routes of administration associated with illicit use is added.