Nonphotochemical, Polarization-Dependent, Laser-Induced Nucleation in Supersaturated Aqueous Urea Solutions

TLDR: In this article, it was shown that 1.06 mm pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser induce crystallization in supersaturated solutions of urea in water.

Abstract: We report a new photophysical phenomenon in which 1.06 mm pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser induce crystallization in supersaturated solutions of urea in water. Because the solutions are transparent at the incident wavelength, a photochemical mechanism is unlikely. The needle-shaped crystals that initially form tend to be aligned parallel to the electric field vector of the light, suggesting a Kerr-like field-induced alignment of urea molecules that aids in organizing prenucleating clusters. The effect has application to pump-probe nucleation studies and to clean nucleation in sealed systems. [S0031-9007(96)01456-1] PACS numbers: 81.10.Dn, 42.50.Vk The study of the light-induced condensation of supersaturated vapors dates back to the work of Tyndall in 1869 [1]. More recent interest has centered on the formation of atmospheric aerosols [2], laser-induced chemical vapor deposition [3], and laser-induced clustering in atomic and molecular systems [4]. The mechanism typically involves the photochemical generation of a nonvolatile product that acts as a nucleus for the growth of the condensed phase [5]. Nucleation in liquid solutions is a more complex problem involving two components, and, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of light-induced nucleation from supersaturated solutions. Nevertheless, this problem is of great theoretical and commercial importance, such as in industrial crystallization processes [6]. Recently, while attempting to observe second harmonic generation in supersaturated solutions of urea in water, we have noticed that pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser can induce nucleation in such solutions. Because the incident light source is near infrared, a photochemical mechanism is unlikely. The orientation of the crystallites that are formed depends on the plane of polarization of the incident radiation, suggesting an electric-field-induced effect. Aqueous urea solutions, with concentrations, c, in the range of 11.5 -13.5M, were prepared by combining solid urea and water in a 1.3-cm diameter pyrex test tube, which was then heat sealed with a torch. Great care was taken to exclude dust from samples. Supersaturated solutions were generated and regenerated by heating the tubes to 45 ‐ C and holding them at that temperature for