Journal ArticleDOI
Persistence of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors in AFFF-Impacted Groundwater and Soil
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TLDR
The fraction of PFASs consisting of perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates was greater in groundwater and solid samples than in any archived AFFF formulations, suggesting that much of the mass of precursors released at the site was converted to perfluOrinated car boxylate and sulf onates.Abstract:
Several classes of polyfluorinated chemicals that are potential precursors to the perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates are present in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF). To assess the persistence of these AFFF-derived precursors, groundwater, soil, and aquifer solids were obtained in 2011 from an unlined firefighter training area at a U.S. Air Force Base where AFFF was regularly used between 1970 and 1990. To measure the total concentration of perfluorinated carboxylate and sulfonate precursors in archived AFFF formulations and AFFF-impacted environmental samples, a previously developed assay that uses hydroxyl radical to oxidize precursors to perfluorinated carboxylates was adapted for these media. This assay was employed along with direct measurement of 22 precursors found in AFFF and a suite of other poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). On a molar basis, precursors accounted for 41–100% of the total concentration of PFASs in archived AFFF formulations. In the training area, precursors meas...read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants.
Xindi C. Hu,David Q. Andrews,Andrew B. Lindstrom,Thomas A. Bruton,Laurel A. Schaider,Philippe Grandjean,Rainer Lohmann,Courtney C. Carignan,Arlene Blum,Simona A. Balan,Christopher P. Higgins,Elsie M. Sunderland +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a spatial analysis of 2013-2015 national drinking water PFAS concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program.
Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water
TL;DR: The number of civilian airports with personnel trained in the use of aqueous film-forming foams is significantly associated with the detection of PFASs above the minimal reporting level, and drinking water supplies for 6 million U.S. residents exceed US EPA's lifetime health advisory for PFOS and PFOA.
Journal ArticleDOI
Discovery of 40 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Historical Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-Impacted Groundwater
Krista A. Barzen-Hanson,Simon C. Roberts,Sarah Choyke,Karl Oetjen,Alan McAlees,Nicole Riddell,Robert McCrindle,P. Lee Ferguson,Christopher P. Higgins,Jennifer A. Field +9 more
TL;DR: A systematic evaluation of 3M and fluorotelomer-based AFFFs, commercial products, and AFFF-impacted groundwaters from 15 U.S. military bases was conducted to identify the remaining PFASs, finding 57 classes of novel anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFAss, most of which derive from electrochemical fluorination processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: A review of current literature.
TL;DR: This article integrates and critically evaluates what is known about these newly identified PFASs, and surveys the removal of these compounds during conventional and advanced drinking-water and wastewater treatment, predicts the relevant physicochemical properties by means of four software programs, and identifies major knowledge gaps.
Journal ArticleDOI
Worldwide Distribution of Novel Perfluoroether Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids in Surface Water
TL;DR: Results showed that novel PFECAs and PFESAs might become global contaminants, and future investigations are warranted, indicating ubiquitous dispersal and distribution in global surface waters.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings
Christopher Lau,Katherine Anitole,Colette Hodes,David Y. Lai,Andrea Pfahles-Hutchens,Jennifer Seed +5 more
TL;DR: An overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans is provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates.
TL;DR: Transport pathways for PFCAs in the environment were reviewed, and it was concluded that, in addition to atmospheric transport/degradation of precursors, atmospheric and ocean water transport of the PFCA themselves could significantly contribute to their long-range transport.
Journal ArticleDOI
A first global production, emission and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate.
TL;DR: Estimates indicate that direct emissions from POSF-derived products are the major source to the environment resulting in releases of 450-2700 t PFOS into wastewater streams, primarily through losses from stain repellent treated carpets, waterproof apparel, and aqueous fire fighting foams.
Journal ArticleDOI
Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: an updated review.
TL;DR: The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to the critical review published in 2006.
Journal ArticleDOI
Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort.
TL;DR: The nationwide cohort data suggest an inverse association between maternal plasma PFOA levels and birth weight, which may be of potential public health concern because of widespread exposure to these chemicals.