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Phantoms in medicine: The case of ophthalmology

TLDR
The present work reviews the various phantoms developed in ophthalmology, illustrating the rationale of their design.
Abstract
Physical and in-silico phantoms have revealed extremely useful in the development of new surgical techniques and medical devices and for training purposes. The fabrication of eye phantoms requires knowledge of anatomy and physical principles beyond the eye physiology and medical instruments used in the clinical scenario. After a proper definition of phantoms and the discussion about their classification, the present work reviews the various phantoms developed in ophthalmology, illustrating the rationale of their design.

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Radioprotection to the eye during CT scanning

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested the ability of a heavy metal, bismuth, in reducing radiation to the lens of the eye during routine cranial CT using a standard head-attenuating phantom.
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Vitreo-retinal surgery

TL;DR: On-line book store that provide so many collections of the referred books can be found, so, just with internet connection, you can enjoy downloading this book and numbers of books that are searched for now.
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MCNPX Estimation of Photoneutron Dose to Eye Voxel Anthropomorphic Phantom From 18 MV Linear Accelerator

A. Alghamdi
- 01 Apr 2023 - 
TL;DR: In this article , a typical high-energy linear accelerator operating at 18 MV was simulated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System extended version (MCNPX 2.5).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Monte Carlo Sampling Methods Using Markov Chains and Their Applications

TL;DR: A generalization of the sampling method introduced by Metropolis et al. as mentioned in this paper is presented along with an exposition of the relevant theory, techniques of application and methods and difficulties of assessing the error in Monte Carlo estimates.
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Simulation in surgical training: educational issues and practical implications.

TL;DR: This article aims to locate the acquisition of surgical skills within a wider educational framework by emphasising the importance of knowledge and attitudes.
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Rapid prototyping technology in medicine—basics and applications

TL;DR: Using medical models built with Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies represents a new approach for surgical planning and simulation, which allows one to reproduce anatomical objects as 3D physical models, which give the surgeon a realistic impression of complex structures before a surgical intervention.
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Gel phantom for use in high-intensity focused ultrasound dosimetry

TL;DR: An optically transparent phantom was developed for use in high-intensity focused ultrasound (US), or HIFU, dosimetry studies and characterized as a function of BSA concentration and temperature.
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Review of tissue simulating phantoms with controllable optical, mechanical and structural properties for use in optical coherence tomography

TL;DR: This work focuses on phantoms based on silicone, fibrin and poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels (PVA-C), as it believes these materials hold the most promise for durable and accurate replication of tissue properties.
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