Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture

TLDR: Critical aspects of the basic procedures of micropropagation, regeneration, and somatic embryogenesis are covered in a well-balanced collection of easy-to-follow protocols presented in three separate, but complimentary, volumes.

Abstract: The origin of plant cell and tissue culture can be found in a treatise published during the mid-18th century, entitled La Physique des Arbes, that describes the formation of callus tissue following the for mation of a ring of cortex from elm trees. Over the next two centuries, the discovery of plant growth hormones, in particular auxins and cytokinins, and detailed analyses on the nutritional requirements of plants, led to the formulation of media that could maintain actively dividing cultures derived from gymnosperms, and both dicotyledon ous and monocotyledonous angiosperms. However, much of the prog ress and technological development in the in vitro propagation of plant cells, tissues, and organs has occurred during the last 25 years. Recently, plant tissue culture techniques have been used as basic tools in the rapidly expanding field of plant biotechnology for the development and clonal propagation of new and/or improved plant varieties. Plant tissue culture is used for the micropropagation of commercially valuable cultivars that include ornamentals, oil palm, Glycyrrhiza, Pyrethrum, pine, Eucalyptus, sugar cane, and potatoes. Cultured plant tissue is also used for the selection of cells and, ul timately, the regeneration of plants that are tolerant to physical stresses such as pathogens, drought, and temperature extremes, and to chemical stress agents such as salinity, herbicides, proteins, and pyrethrins. In addition, new plants have been produced by the fusion of protoplasts prepared from cultured cells of different species in cluding sunflower and french bean, tomato and potato, and various cultivars of Datura. Finally, bacterial vectors and various mechanical methods have been used to introduce foreign genes into cultured plant tissues. Genetic transformation can result in profound changes in the phenotype and/or biochemical profile of the regenerated trans genic plants that are not characteristic of the wild type. An impressive variety of technologies in tissue culture, genetic manipulation, and molecular biology have been developed for nu merous plant species. Many of these techniques, sometimes referred to as plant biotechnology, have been extensively summarized and compiled in a well-balanced collection of easy-to-follow protocols presented in three separate, but complimentary, volumes. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture consists of 22 chapters (with 86 figures) and 5 appendices. The chapters cover critical aspects of (a) the es sential requirements for the operation of a plant tissue culture lab oratory; (b) the basic procedures of micropropagation, regeneration, and somatic embryogenesis; (c) some specific applications of organ culture systems such as embryo rescue and culture, and anther and microspore culture for haploid and double haploid production; (d) elementary transformation technology; and (e) useful microtechnique and analytical protocols specifically adapted to cultured tissues and cells. The appendices provide a convenient summary of media for mulations and commercial suppliers for the materials described in the text.

Full text

1
Propagation of Ornamental Plants
Vol. 2, № 2, 2002: 24-29
INDUCTION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN RESPONSE TO THE APPLICATION OF
CYTOKININS AND AUXINS DURING MATURE EMBRYO CULTURE OF PINUS NIGRA ARN.
Ljiljana Radojević
1
, Carmen Alvarez
2
, Ana Rodriguez
2
and Roberto Rodriguez
2
1
Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Department of Plant Physiology,
29 Novembar 142, 11060 Belgrade, Yugoslavia, E-mail: ljilja@ibiss.bg.ac.yu
2
Departemento B.O.S., Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
REFERENCES
Alvarez C., Radojević Lj., Rodriguez R. (1997). Induccion de embriogenesis somatica en embriones maduros de
Pinus nigra Arn. (Abstract). In: Proc. XII Reunion Nacional de la SEFV, 23-26 Septiembe. 1997, Cordoba,
Spain, C9:16, 350.
Arnold S. von, Hakman I. (1986). Effect of sucrose on initiation of embryonic callus cultures from mature embryos
of Picea abies (L.) Karst (Norway spruce). Journal Plant Physiology, 122: 261-265.
Attre S. M., Fowke L. C. (1993). Embryogeny of gymnosperms: advances in synthetic seed technology of conifers.
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 35: 1-35.
Becwar M. R. (1993). Conifer somatic embryogenesis and clonal forestry. In: Ahuja M.R., Jibby W. J. (Eds).
Clonal Forestry I. Genetics and Biotechnology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg: 200-223.
Becwar M. R., Wann S. R., Kriebel H. B. (1987). Initiation of embryogenic callus in Pinus strobus (eastern white
pine) from immature embryo explants. (Abstract). In: Hanover J. H., Keathley D. E. (Eds). Genetic manipula-
tion of Woody Plants. Plenum Press, New York: 458.
Becwar M. R., Nagmani R., Wann S. R. (1990). Initiation of embryonic cultures and somatic embryo development
in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Canadian Journal for Forest Research, 20: 810-817.
Bellarosa R., Mo L. H., Arnold S. von (1992). The inuence of auxin and cytokinin on proliferation and morphol-
ogy of somatic embryos of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Annals of Botany, 70:199-206.
Chandler S. F., Young R. (1990). Somatic embryogenesis in Pinus radiata. In: Proceedings of the 7th International
Congress on Plant Tissue Cell Culture, 24-29 June, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: B4-24, 246.
Dudits D., Gyorgyey J., Bogre L., Bako L. (1995). Molecular biology of somatic embryogenesis. In: Thorpe T.
A. (Eds). In Vitro Embryogenesis in Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecth, The Netherlands: 267-
308.
Gray D. J., Purohit A. (1991). Somatic embryogenesis and development of synthetic seed technology. Criticaal
Review Plant Sciences, 10: 33-61.
Gupta P. K., Durzan D. J. (1985). Shoot multiplication for mature trees of Douglas-r (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). Plant Cell Reports, 4:177-179.
Gupta P. K., Durzan D. J. (1986). Somatic polyembryogenesis from callus of mature sugar pine embryos. Bio/
Technology, 4: 643-645.
Gupta P. K., Pullam G. S. (1990). Method for reproduction conifer plants by somatic embryogenesis. US Patent
No 5: 036, 007.
Gupta P. K., Pullam G. S. (1991). Method for reproducing coniferous plants by somatic embryogenesis using
abscisic acid and osmotic potential variation. US Patent No 5: 036, 007.
Gupta P. K., Timmis R., Pullam G. S., Yancey M., Kreitinger M., Carlson W., Carpenter C. (1991). Develop-
ment of an embryonic system for automated propagation of forest trees. In: Vasil I. K. (Ed.). Scale-up and
Automation in Plant Propagation, vol.8, Academic Press, San Diego:75-93.
Gupta P. K., Pullam G. S., Timmis R., Kreitinger M., Carlson W., Grob J., Welty E. (1993). Forestry in 21th
Century: The biotechnology of somatic embryogenesis. Bio/Technology, 11: 454-459.
Hakman I., Fowke L. C., Arnold S. von, Erksson T. (1985). The development of somatic embryos in tissue culture
initiated from immature embryos of Picea abies (Norway spruce). Plant Science, 38: 553-59.
Hohtola A. (1995). Somatic embryogenesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) In: Jain S. M., Gupta P. K., Newton

2
R. (Eds.). Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody, Plants, vol. 3., Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecth, The
Netherlands: 269-283.
Jain S. M., Dong N., Newton R. J. (1989). Somatic embryogenesis in slash pine (Pinus elliotti) from immature
embryos cultured in vitro. Plant Science, 65: 233-241.
Jalonen P., Arnold S. von (1991). Characterization of embryonic cell lines of Picea abies in relation of their
competence for maturation. Plant Cell Reports, 10: 3844-387.
Kaul K. (1992). Establishment and maintance of embryonic tissue cultures of Pinus strobus L. (Abstract). In Vitro
Cellular and Developmental Biology: 28A, 115A.
Kaul K. (1995). Somatic embryogenesis in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). In: Jain S. M., Newton R. (Ed.).
Somatic embryogenesis in Woody Plants vol.3, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, The Nederlands:
257-268.
Li X. Y., Huang F. H. (1996). Induction of somatic embryogenesis in loblolly pine (Pinus tadea L.). In Vitro Cel-
lular and Developmental Biology-Plant, 32: 129-135.
Magnaval C., Noirot M., Verdeil J. L., Blattes A., Huet C., Grosdemange M., Buffard-Morel J. (1995). Free amino
acid composition of coconut (Cocus nucifera L.) calli under somatic embryogenesis induction conditions.
Journal of Plant Physiology, 146: 1555-1561.
Minocha S. C., Minocha R. (1995). Historical aspects of somatic embryogenesis in woody plants. In: Jain S. M.,
Gupta P., Newton R. (Ed.). Somatic embryogenesis in Woody Plants, vol.1, Kluwer Academic Publisher,
Dordrecth, The Netherlands: 9-22.
Mirsa S. (1994). Conifer zygotic embryogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and seed germination: Biochemical and
molecular advances. Seed Science Research, 4: 357-384.
Murashige T., Skoog T. A. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures.
Physiologia Plantarum, 15: 473-497.
Nagmani R., Becwar M. R., Wann S. R. (1987). Single cell origin and development of somatic embryos of Picea
abies (L) Karst (Norway spruce) and Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. (White spruce). Plant Cell Reports, 6:
157-159.
Paul H., Belaizi M. , Sangwan-Norreel B. S. (1994). Somatic embryogenesis in apple. Journal of Plant Physiol-
ogy, 143: 78-86.
Quorin M., Le Poivre P. (1977). Etude des milieux adaptes aux cultures in vitro de Prunus. Acta Horticulturae,
78: 437-442.
Radojević Lj., Alvarez C., Fraga M. F., Rodriguez R. (1999). Somatic embryogenic tissue establishment from
mature Pinus nigra Arn. spp. salzmannii embryos. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant, 35:
206-209.
Salajova T., Salaj J. (1992). Somatic embryogenesis in European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn). Biolologia
Plantarum, 34: 213-218.
Tautorus T. E., Fowke L. C., Dustan D. I. (1991). Somatic embryogenesis in conifers. Canadian Journal of Botany,
69: 1873-1899.
Uribe M. A., Radojević Lj., Albuerne M. Rodriguez R. (1997). Manipulacion de la morfogenesis en Pinaceas.
(Abstract). In: Proceedings XII Reunion Nacional de la SEFV, 23-26 Septiembe 1997, Cordoba, Spain, C8-8:
310.
Villalobos V. M., Oliver M., Yeung E., Thorpe T. (1984). Cytokinin-induced switch in development in excised
cotyledons of radiata pine cultured in vitro. Physiologia Plantarum, 61: 483-489.
Webb. D. T., Webster F., Flinn B. S., Roberts D. R., Ellis D. E. (1989). Factor inuencing the induction of em-
bryogenic and non-embryogenic callus from embryos of Picea glauca and Picea engelmanni. Canadian Journal
for Forest Research, 19: 1303-1308.
Zoglauer K., Dembny H., Behrend U., Korlach J. (1995). Developmental patterns and regulating factors in direct
somatic embryogenesis of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). Medical Faculty Landbouw, University Gent
60/4a: 1627-1636.