Journal ArticleDOI
Polystyrenes -- A Review of the Literature on the Products of Thermal Decomposition and Toxicity
TLDR
In this paper, the authors reviewed the literature on the products of pyrolysis and combustion from polystyrenes and the toxicity of those products and concluded that polystyrene is among the least toxic materials used in buildings and residences.Abstract:
The current English literature through 1984 on the products of pyrolysis and combustion from polystyrenes and the toxicity of those products is reviewed. Among 57 compounds detected by chemical analyses of the thermal decomposition products produced under various atmospheric conditions (vacuum, inert and oxidative), the main volatile component is the styrene monomer, Evidence is provided that the mass fraction of styrene increases with furnace temperatures at least through 500°C. At 800°C and above, the concentration of styrene decreases. In oxidative atmospheres, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxidative hydrocarbons are formed. The concentrations of CO and CO2 are a function of temperature and combustion conditions, i.e. greater amounts are produced in the flaming than in the non-flaming mode. Eleven different test procedures were used to evaluate the toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion atmospheres of polystyrenes. The more toxic environments produced under flaming conditions appear to be mainly attributed to CO and CO2 but rather to some other toxicant, probably the styrene monomer. When compared with other common materials used in buildings and residences, polystyrenes, in general, are among the least toxic.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment
TL;DR: This paper reviews available information about the degradation pathways and chemicals that are formed by degradation of the six plastic types that are most widely used in Europe and extrapolate that information to likely pathways and possible degradation products under environmental conditions found on the oceans' surface.
Journal ArticleDOI
Polystyrene nanoparticles: Sources, occurrence in the environment, distribution in tissues, accumulation and toxicity to various organisms.
TL;DR: This study was aimed at the review of the literature data concerning the formation of PS-NPs in the environment, their accumulation along the food chain, and their potential adverse effects on organisms on living various organization levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions
Cornelia Loos,T. Syrovets,Anna Musyanovych,Volker Mailänder,Katharina Landfester,Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,Thomas Simmet +6 more
TL;DR: This review summarizes studies on positively and negatively charged polystyrene nanoparticles and compares them with clinically used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.
Journal ArticleDOI
PAH formation in one-dimensional premixed fuel-rich atmospheric pressure ethylbenzene and ethyl alcohol flames
Ali Ergut,Silvia Granata,Silvia Granata,Jude Jordan,Joel B. Carlson,Jack B. Howard,Henning Richter,Yiannis A. Levendis +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation was conducted on the evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other pollutants emitted from one-dimensional ethylbenzene and ethyl alcohol flames.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Comprehensive Analysis of Plastics and Microplastic Legislation Worldwide
Chung Sum Lam,Soundaram Ramanathan,Maddison Carbery,Kelsey Gray,Kanth Swaroop Vanka,Cristelle Maurin,Richard T Bush,Thavamani Palanisami +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the pros and cons of existing legislation and its implementation and assess the need for the improvement of plastic legislation to better consider environmental and human health impacts.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Irritating Properties of Airborne Materials to the Upper Respiratory Tract
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the properties of airborne materials to the upper respiratory tract and discuss the effects of airborne material on the human respiratory tract, including the effect of altitude on the lungs.
ReportDOI
Further Development of a Test Method for the Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Combustion Products. | NIST
TL;DR: In this article, a test method for the assessment of the ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY of COMBUSTION PRODUCTS is presented, which is used to evaluate the safety of the system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toxicologic and acute lethal hazard evaluation of thermal decomposition products of synthetic and natural polymers.
Yves Alarie,Rosalind C. Anderson +1 more
TL;DR: Evaluation of sensory irritating properties, physiological stress, asphyxiation, acute mortality, and histopathological changes due to the thermal decomposition products revealed a very wide range of potency among them.
Journal ArticleDOI
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the occupational environment: with special reference to benzo[a]pyrene measurements in Swedish industry.
Gösta Lindstedt,Jan Sollenberg +1 more
TL;DR: A review is given of measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the work environment in general with emphasis upon Swedish measurements of benzo[a]pyrene not previously published in international literature.
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