Production of Eicosanoids and Other Oxylipins by Pathogenic Eukaryotic Microbes
TLDR
Eicosanoids and oxylipins (host or microbe) may be mediators of a direct host-pathogen “cross-talk” that promotes chronic infection and hypersensitivity disease, common features of infection by eukaryotic pathogens.Abstract:
Oxylipins are oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids. Eicosanoids are a subset of oxylipins and include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent regulators of host immune responses. Host cells are one source of eicosanoids and oxylipins during infection; however, another potential source of eicosanoids is the pathogen itself. A broad range of pathogenic fungi, protozoa, and helminths produce eicosanoids and other oxylipins by novel synthesis pathways. Why do these organisms produce oxylipins? Accumulating data suggest that phase change and differentiation in these organisms are controlled by oxylipins, including prostaglandins and lipoxygenase products. The precise role of pathogen-derived eicosanoids in pathogenesis remains to be determined, but the potential link between pathogen eicosanoids and the development of TH2 responses in the host is intriguing. Mammalian prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been studied extensively, and these molecules can modulate Th1 versus Th2 immune responses, chemokine production, phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation, and leukocyte chemotaxis. Thus, eicosanoids and oxylipins (host or microbe) may be mediators of a direct host-pathogen “cross-talk” that promotes chronic infection and hypersensitivity disease, common features of infection by eukaryotic pathogens.read more
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Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics
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Prostaglandin D_2 as a Mediator of Allergic Asthma.
Matsuoka,Toshiyuki,Hirata,Masakazu,Tanaka,Hiroyuki,Takahashi,Yoshimasa,Murata,Takahiko,Kabashima,Kenji,Sugimoto,Yukihiko,Kobayashi,Takuya,Ushikubi,Fumitaka,Aze,Yoshiya,Eguchi,Naomi,Urade,Yoshihiro,Yoshida,Nobuaki,Kimura,Kazushi,Mizoguchi,Akira,Yoshihito,Nagai,Hiroichi,Narumiya,Shuh +34 more
TL;DR: PGD2 functions as a mast cell-derived mediator to trigger asthmatic responses and is investigated by the generation of mice deficient in the PGD receptor (DP).
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Does the microbiota regulate immune responses outside the gut
TL;DR: The post-developmental functions that the microbiota plays in regulating immunological tolerance to allergen exposure outside the GI tract are covered and the question: is the microbiota a major regulator of the immune system?
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The ‘microflora hypothesis’ of allergic diseases
TL;DR: The laboratory has recently demonstrated that mice can develop allergic airway responses to allergens if their endogenous microbiota is altered at the time of first allergen exposure, consistent with other studies demonstrating that the endogenous microbiota plays a significant role in shaping the development of the immune system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Oxylipins Supports Their Involvement in Defense against Pathogens
Isabelle Prost,Sandrine Dhondt,Grit Rothe,Jorge Vicente,Maria José Rodriguez,Neil Kift,Francis Carbonne,Gareth Griffiths,Marie-Thérèse Esquerré-Tugayé,Sabine Rosahl,Carmen Castresana,Mats Hamberg,Joëlle Fournier +12 more
TL;DR: Interestingly, this first large-scale comparative assessment of the antimicrobial effects of oxylipins reveals that regulators of plant defense responses are also the most active oxylippins against eukaryotic microorganisms, suggesting that such oxylIPins might contribute to plant defense through their effects both on the plant and on pathogens, possibly through related mechanisms.
References
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