Journal ArticleDOI
Psychological Differentiation in Cross-Cultural Perspective:
Herman A. Witkin,John W. Berry +1 more
TLDR
For instance, the authors reviewed cross-cultural studies of psychological differentiation with the objectives of: examining the applicability, across cultures, of the main propositions of differentiation theory and the generality of its intracultural supporting data; identifying extensions of the theory, and of its empirical base, suggested by the cross-culture findings; and delineating problems in the existing data and useful lines of further crosscultural inquiry.Abstract:
Cross-cultural studies of psychological differentiation are reviewed with the objectives of: examining the applicability, across cultures, of the main propositions of differentiation theory and the generality of its intracultural supporting data; identifying extensions of the theory, and of its empirical base, suggested by the cross-cultural findings; and delineating problems in the existing data and useful lines of further cross-cultural inquiry. The evidence on self-consistency, age changes and stability indicates that these aspects of differentiation show patterns in other cultures essentially similar to those observed in the original American studies. Numerous cross-cultural studies have sought the sources of individual and group differences in differentiation in family practices, in cultural influences and in ecological pressures. The evidence from these studies suggests that less differentiated functioning, including a more field-dependent perceptual mode, is associated with insistence upon adherence to adult authority, female salience and the absence of strong male role models in the family; “tight” organization and stress upon conformity in society; and sedentary agricultural and pastoral ecological settings. In contrast, more differentiated functioning, including relative field independence, are associated with encouragement of autonomy in the family, “loose” social structure and mobile hunting ecological settings. The small sex differences in field-dependence-independence, beginning in adolescence, repeatedly observed in Western studies are not universally evident in the non-Western data. Sex differences appear to be common in samples at the sedentary agricultural end of the ecological spectrum and less evident in mobile hunting samples. Sex differences also seem to be more prevalent in “tight” than in “loose” social settings.read more
Citations
More filters
Book
The WEIRDest People in the World
TL;DR: A review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species – frequent outliers.
Journal ArticleDOI
WEIRD languages have misled us, too [Comment on Henrich et al.]
Asifa Majid,Stephen C. Levinson +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition.
TL;DR: The authors find East Asians to be holistic, attending to the entire field and assigning causality to it, making relatively little use of categories and formal logic, and relying on "dialectical" reasoning, whereas Westerners are more analytic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Individualism and Collectivism: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Self-Ingroup Relationships
TL;DR: The individualism and collectivism constructs are theoretically analyzed and linked to certain hypothesized consequences (social behaviors, health indices). as discussed by the authors explored the meaning of these constructs within culture within culture (in the United States), identifying the individual-differences variable, idiocentrism versus all-theory, that corresponds to the constructs and found that U.S. individualism is reflected in self-reliance with competition, low concern for groups, and distance from groups.
Journal ArticleDOI
Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism
TL;DR: The constructs of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) were theoretically defined and empirically supported by Triandis et al. as discussed by the authors.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Development and validation of ego-identity status.
TL;DR: 4 modes of reacting to the late adolescent identity crisis were described, measured, and validated; those in the status characterized by adherence to parental wishes set goals unrealistically high and subscribed significantly more to authoritarian values.
Book
Patterns of Culture
TL;DR: In this paper, the aim of the anthropological study of primitive peoples is to discover the "configuration" of each -the cultural drive in group and individual which determines the characteristic reaction to stimulus in any and every situation in life.
Journal ArticleDOI
On cross‐cultural comparability
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a cadre of travail methodologique for the recherche interculturelle, which sinspire des discussions passees de certains anthropologues.