Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review
Emma Chiaramello,Marta Bonato,Serena Fiocchi,Gabriella Tognola,Marta Parazzini,Paolo Ravazzani,Joe Wiart +6 more
TLDR
The contribution of different RF-EMF sources to the total level of exposure was found to show slightly different patterns among the indoor environments, but this finding has to be considered as a time-dependent picture of the continuous evolving exposure to RF- EMF.Abstract:
Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in indoor environments depends on both outdoor sources such as radio, television and mobile phone antennas and indoor sources, such as mobile phones and wireless communications applications. Establishing the levels of exposure could be challenging due to differences in the approaches used in different studies. The goal of this study is to present an overview of the last ten years research efforts about RF EMF exposure in indoor environments, considering different RF-EMF sources found to cause exposure in indoor environments, different indoor environments and different approaches used to assess the exposure. The highest maximum mean levels of the exposure considering the whole RF-EMF frequency band was found in offices (1.14 V/m) and in public transports (0.97 V/m), while the lowest levels of exposure were observed in homes and apartments, with mean values in the range 0.13–0.43 V/m. The contribution of different RF-EMF sources to the total level of exposure was found to show slightly different patterns among the indoor environments, but this finding has to be considered as a time-dependent picture of the continuous evolving exposure to RF-EMF.read more
Citations
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Alzheimer disease starts in childhood in polluted Metropolitan Mexico City. A major health crisis in progress.
Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas,Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas,Ricardo Torres-Jardón,Randy J. Kulesza,Yusra Mansour,Luis Oscar González-González,Angélica González-Maciel,Rafael Reynoso-Robles,Partha Sarathi Mukherjee +8 more
TL;DR: Air pollution control should be prioritised-including the regulation of diesel vehicles- and the first two decades of life ought to be targeted for neuroprotective interventions.
Posted Content
Health Risks Associated with 5G Exposure: A View from the Communications Engineering Perspective
TL;DR: It is argued that the widely perceived health risks that are attributed to 5G are not supported by scientific evidence from communications engineering, and how the solutions to minimize the health risks are already mature and ready to be implemented.
Journal ArticleDOI
IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation-COMAR Technical Information Statement: Health and Safety Issues Concerning Exposure of the General Public to Electromagnetic Energy from 5G Wireless Communications Networks.
Jerrold T. Bushberg,C.K. Chou,Kenneth R. Foster,R. Kavet,D.P. Maxson,Richard A. Tell,Marvin C. Ziskin +6 more
TL;DR: Current research indicates that overall levels of exposure to RF are unlikely to be significantly altered by 5G, and exposure will continue to originate mostly from the “uplink” signals from one’s own device, including those from 5G systems.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: a critical review of explanatory hypotheses.
TL;DR: Three main explanatory hypotheses appear in the literature: the electromagnetic hypothesis, attributing EHS to EMF exposure; the cognitive hypothesis, assuming that EHS results from false beliefs in EMF harmfulness; and the attributive hypothesis, conceiving EHS as a coping strategy for pre-existing conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the health risks associated with 5G exposure by adopting a new and comprehensive viewpoint, based on the communications engineering perspective, and examine the risk mitigation techniques based on communications engineering that can be implemented to reduce the exposure from 5G gNBs and UE.
References
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International commission on non-ionizing radiation protection.
TL;DR: This document summarizes current capabilities, research and operational priorities, and plans for further studies that were established at the 2015 USGS workshop on quantitative hazard assessments of earthquake-triggered landsliding and liquefaction in the Czech Republic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Subjective symptoms, sleeping problems, and cognitive performance in subjects living near mobile phone base stations
TL;DR: Despite very low exposure to HF-EMF, effects on wellbeing and performance cannot be ruled out, as shown by recently obtained experimental results; however, mechanisms of action at these low levels are unknown.
Journal ArticleDOI
Temporal and spatial variability of personal exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields
Patrizia Frei,Evelyn Mohler,Evelyn Mohler,Georg Neubauer,Gaston Theis,Alfred Bürgi,Jürg Fröhlich,Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer,John Bolte,Matthias Egger,Martin Röösli,Martin Röösli +11 more
TL;DR: Exposure to RF-EMF varied considerably between persons and locations but was fairly consistent within persons.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparison of personal radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in different urban areas across Europe
Wout Joseph,Patrizia Frei,Patrizia Frei,Martin Röösli,Martin Röösli,György Thuróczy,Peter Gajšek,Tomaz Trcek,John Bolte,Günter Vermeeren,Evelyn Mohler,Evelyn Mohler,Péter Juhász,Viktoria Finta,Luc Martens +14 more
TL;DR: The highest total personal RF-EMF exposure was measured inside transport vehicles and was well below international exposure limits, mainly due to mobile phone handsets.
Journal ArticleDOI
Personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field measurements in the Netherlands: Exposure level and variability for everyday activities, times of day and types of area
John Bolte,T. Eikelboom +1 more
TL;DR: The highest mean exposure relates to the activities with high people density, such as travelling by public transport, visiting social events, pubs or shopping malls, and the highest exposure peaks in the WiFi band, up to 0.265 W/m(2), come from stray radiation of microwave ovens.
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