Review: Domestic hygiene and diarrhoea -- pinpointing the problem.
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TLDR
It is hypothesize that any behaviours which prevent stools from getting into the domestic arena, the child's main habitat, are likely to have a greater impact on health than those practices which prevent pathogens in the environment from being ingested.Abstract:
Improving domestic hygiene practices is potentially one of the most effective means of reducing the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases in children. However, encouraging behaviour change is a complex and uncertain business. If hygiene promotion is to succeed, it needs to identify and target only those few hygiene practices which are the major source of risk in any setting. Using biological reasoning, we hypothesize that any behaviours which prevent stools from getting into the domestic arena, the child's main habitat, are likely to have a greater impact on health than those practices which prevent pathogens in the environment from being ingested. Hence safe stool disposal, a primary barrier to transmission, may be more important than hand-washing before eating, which constitutes a secondary barrier, for example. We review the epidemiological evidence for the effect of primary and secondary barrier behaviours and suggest that it supports this conclusion. In the absence of local evidence to the contrary, hygiene promotion programmes should give priority to the safe disposal of faecal material and the adequate washing of hands after contact with adult and child stools.read more
Citations
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Global burden of disease and risk factors
TL;DR: Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors examines the comparative importance of diseases, injuries, and risk factors; it incorporates a range of new data sources to develop consistent estimates of incidence, prevalence, severity and duration, and mortality for 136 major diseases and injuries.
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Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review
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TL;DR: On current evidence, washing hands with soap can reduce the risk of diarrhoeal diseases by 42-47% and interventions to promote handwashing might save a million lives and more and better-designed trials are needed.
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Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links
Francis Ngure,Brianna M. Reid,Jean H. Humphrey,Mduduzi N. N. Mbuya,Gretel H. Pelto,Rebecca J. Stoltzfus +5 more
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Hygiene and health: systematic review of handwashing practices worldwide and update of health effects
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References
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Journal Article
Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis diarrhoea dracunculiasis hookworm infection schistosomiasis and trachoma.
TL;DR: Sanitation facilities decreased diarrhoea morbidity and mortality and the severity of hookworm infection, and child mortality fell by 55%, which suggests that water and sanitation have a substantial impact on child survival.
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TL;DR: This book is intended for the wide spectrum of professionals concerned with sanitation and public health and contains twenty eight chapters, each describing the environmental properties of a specific excreted pathogen or group of excreting pathogens and the epidemiology and control of the infections these pathogens cause.
Journal Article
The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease: a ten-year update.
TL;DR: This paper carried out a review of articles published from 1980 to the present and calculated median estimates for the incidence of diarrhoea and diarrhoeal mortality among under-5-year-olds.
Journal Article
Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities.
TL;DR: In poor communities with inadequate water supply and excreta disposal, reducing the level of enteric pathogen ingestion by a given amount will have a greater impact on diarrhoea mortality rates than on morbidity rates.
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